Summary of Articles Western Languages Modern Pragmatism in Religion

The issue of practice and its relation to theory has been one of the fundamental issues of philosophy from ancient times until today. This question has also been presented in various religions in a different form. Mystics of the world's religions generally do not accept knowledge without practice, and consider this to be the cause of the stagnation and deviation of religious people. In contrast to the mystics, a type of superficial pragmatism is also seen in the history of religions, of which a prime example in Islamic history is to be found in the Kharijites. However, during the modern period another type of pragmatism with a different set of fundamental principles has appeared which has also left a deep impression on religious thought and understanding and has lead to the appearance of ideas and movements asserting the primacy of action in religion. Two important movements, namely religious pragmatism and fundamentalism are the result of these ideas. The first issue which this article addresses is the explanation of the importance of the combination of knowledge and action and the negation of action without knowledge in religion. The second issue is the presentation of the two mentioned forms of pragmatism in religion in the modern period and their bases and negative consequences in the contemporary world.