Women in Urban Labour Market (Comparative study: Cities of Tehran & Montréal)

Intro duction Employment has the main, vital roles in human life and socio-economical progressives (see: ILO, 2010, Women in Labour Markets: 2; Momsen, J. 2004). One of the important goals every socio-economical, political system in the world is to supply high social economical welfare which it will be done by equal distribution of income, improvement of educational, health and welfare facilities and opportunities for all. This will not be taken place unless all people (male and female) take part in economical affairs and activities (Refer to: Tzannatos, Z., 1998). By further participation, the rate of fertility will be decreased, reversely; productivity, production and GNP increased. Undoubtedly, the lead structural factors (Cultural, social, economical and political elements) have affected on male and female employment. This trend can make their labor or culture and behavior. To improve employment it is apply to measure level of economical mechanisms. One of these evaluations may study the specifics of female employment in cities which are differing in economical, social, political and cultural policies. Female employment is much more affected by structural, historical factors which form total employment composition; these factors are much varies in cities of the world. 1-1- Objectives To detect effective structural elements on employment (esp. women) in both urban societies, Tehran and Montreal, in order to find out positive and negative distinctions; Study and evaluate positive aspects of culture of job and employment in a city which higher than 50 percent of women is employee and then conclude results and provide guideline for improve employment in Iran and Tehran. 1-2- Main question and Thesis The main question of research is: what are causes of structural differences in the educational system in both cities, Tehran and Montreal? And what elements affect on female employment mainly? The thesis related to this question is: educational system and job culture are the important differences in female employment of Tehran and Montreal. So, this thesis emphasis on distinction of education level between women in both cities. This research supposes getting certificate and rank of education affect on the rate of female labour in the both cities. Therefore it was supposed that in these cities, there is difference between getting certificate and professional education and skills in entrance to labour market. Also, they are differing in attitude and thought with job and economic activity; and this effect on rate of female employment. 2- Theoretical Bases There are various theories about the situation of women in labour market including: Neoclasic theory, Labour Segmentation theory, Neo-liberalism and Feminism theory. These theories believe that gender roles are based on weak position of women in labour market. What that is important for this research is the effects of employment policies which have rooted by these theories, especially for women in both of developed and developing countries. One of these effects has been called “Female margination in urban employment”. By going over mentioned theories we can find out female employment more than men has been affected by global capitalism and neo-liberalism. This structural affectability of gender employment mechanism in both of study societies shows clear differences. For example, Montreal with high economic-social development, high educated female labour market has low attraction, while less educated women have been employed rapidly in low wage jobs. This trend has cleared dominant of extra beneficial approach and a kind of female margination on purposely which is differ from Tehran’s labor market deeply. 3– Discussion Generally, there are many fundamental economical, social and political differences between Tehran and Montreal in their employment structures. This research has followed to discover the reasons of high rank female employment in Montreal in order to find out adjusting ways to reduce female unemployment in Tehran. Everyone has to have equal opportunity for employment. Women like men should be independent person and authority socio-economically. So, the local government is responsible to provide or encourage individuals and institutes establishing enough jobs everywhere and every time. There are many policies and strategies in employment field which facilitate to supply and help all of needs to have job. There are non-governmental organizations which provide social and economical situations to find job and expand it gradually. Some condition including: relative economic stability, growth of professional technical and scientific situations, bank facilities and etc. have easy entrance and participate women in Montreal’s labour market; and the establish of small income institutes are rapid and easy. So, entrepreneurship especially for educated women is one of positive interest in Montreal which should be emphasis in Tehran too. Today, entrepreneur women have established many jobs for immigrant’s women. In spite of gender discrimination in labour market of Canada, it has been increased the rate of entrepreneur women and female employees. Montreal like other cities in Canada is managed by Provincial Laws and policies. I referred to legal politic documents and official centers for knowing legal’s affects. Referring to administrable laws and policies in every society is the most important way for knowledge and explanation of facts. For example, one of financial laws in Quebec Province is providing low benefit loans to entrepreneurs and job seekers. So, all graduates from secondary level to high academic degrees can use financial helps and able to create several jobs for others as well as their selves. Therefore, they decrease dependency rate on economy of family, city and local government. 4– Conclusion I have drive and concluded the results and proper recommendations as are follow: Both of cities have shown much difference in rate of employed women, rate of participation and rate of unemployment. These differences have rooted in economic structure, policies and cultural conditions. These cities are much variety at job, financial and administrative laws and citizenship rights and policies. So, they are differing at organizations, institutes and related job centers. Educational system of Iran need to essential changes base on teaching skills instead of getting certificate. This transformation cause to motivate economic institutes that they emphasis on skills and professionals of labour forces. Subsequently, it should be low gender discrimination in labour market and unemployment for both men and women. Determination or indetermination the age start a job is not criteria for job market preservation and urban economy health. But it may show especial culture and public thoughts about human personality and work substance. At some cases, to neglect work start age, and to facilitate to have a reliable job (even part time job), not only improve human authority and independency but also, it has important role at increase rate of participation in labour market and decrease unemployment. Of course, there are some reasons that women in Montreal mainly have been attracted by entrepreneurial market and self-employed activities including: gender discriminations at work place, high professional-technical training and high female personality, self-confidence and cultural situation.