پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 33 (زمستان 1392)

Iran’s history was associated with major political developments in the first two centuries of hegira. Conquest of Iran and Different approaches of Arabs to the Iranians had many reactions. the first decades of hegira spent in the conquest and settlement. With the Umayyad policy of oppression was outspread against the serfdom and Khorasanians was under the violence of umayyad in compare with other lands. This is the political reaction to the overthrow of the Umayyads and the power of the Abbasids Khorasanians yielded. Despite Iranian plot to The authority to deliver Abbasids, Abumoslem murder led to conflict between the Abbasids and Iranians. In contrast, another group of Iranians to compromise with the Abbasids and their presence in the Arab bureaucracy. This dual approach was the most important Iranian action in the first period of the Abbasid Caliphatea.

Nomadic tribes has always played a major role in the developments in Iran, and has a role on the policy and governance both directly and indirectly. Each tribe as a separate political and cultural unit has always been the pursuit of power. Nomadic tribes were in the struggle for power in a fight with two regional power (rival neighboring and non-neighboring tribe) and trans-regional (Central) which were in changing on their own position. In the mean time, Azerbaijan has been considered as one of the tribes attraction centers and regions. At the end of the first middle of the 12th century AH, the various tribes such as Afshar, Shaghaghi and Shahsavan and Kurds Blbas, Zrza’, Mokri and Hakkari had regional power. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between tribes and central power and their role in ability for gaining the power of central power, and also to explain the relations of tribes with each other.This study has been done based on documentary method and by using library references and based on existing documents. The obtained results show that there were internal differences within groups and coalitions and alliances among the tribes and these differences lead to more weakness of tribes against the Central Powers and the acceptance of the status from them. Yet the tribes didnt get a constant approach against the Central Powers and always had to manage the several turned political powers.

Shiite’s movements in their period cause considerable result and revolution in society, and provide opportunity for other Shiite’s movement. Fakh movement was one of them in 748 happened in the age of Imam Kazim (the 7th imam of Shiite). Study of political and intellectual identity of this movement can clarify its position and the agreement of rebels with Imam in that age. To investigate this purpose, eighteen scales have been considered which are important to evaluate Shiite’s movement from the viewpoint of Shiite, and “political and intellectual identity of Fakh movement” can be obtained. This paper investigates personal life and quality of martyr Fakh’s movement then investigates nine scales of eighteen scales in which “imam’s view about the movement of martyr Fakh is investigated. The main emphasize is on narrative and historical report in sources so that better results are obtained by their investigation, because, investigating historical reports may only keep the writer away from the aspects of event. Descriptive-analysis was the method of this paper and it will be compiled by using recent sources and present researches. Finally, this movement and political and intellectual beliefs of martyr Fakh will be analyzed.

Recent Scholarship on the Persian-Chinese relations tells us that contact between Iranian and Chinese Culture was initiated toward the end of the 2nd century B.C.E. by the envoy Chang Ch’ien (Zhang Qian). But, certainly, there had been contacts between these two cultures, from the Indo-Europeans time in Central Asia and later the Achaemenid period until the journey of Chang Ch’ien who was contemporary with Arsacids, which drew less attention. By studying the practices of Chu culture in China and its similarities to the Indo-Iranian and Zoroastrian practices, archaeological data, information in the Chinese and Greek writers’ books, we can speak of direct Contact between Iranian and Chinese Culture from the Achaemenid period. Since there is no independent research about the contact between Iranian and Chinese Culture before the journey of Chang Ch’ien to the west, the main purpose of this article is to discuss the mechanism of contact between Iranian and Chinese Culture until the journey of Chang Ch’ien according to the other archaeological and historical evidence.

One of the main pillars of the government's is the judgment. Reviews the history of the evolution of the judicial system in the caliphates age is subject of this article.The most important findings of this research is During the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS) suffered a lot of changes in the judging system At this time the office of judge of a dependent position, a position became independent..

According to historical reports, caravanserai-building is very long-standing in Iran. Given the effective characteristics of these edifices, caravanserais had significant roles in the promotion of commercial traffics, and hence, the growth of commerce in this country. During the Safavid period, the construction of caravanserais witnessed a significant development. Through the efforts of Shah Abbas I to promote commerce in this country, there was an increase of different commercial roads for various merchants who came to Iran in the form of individuals or caravans. As a result, many caravanserais were built in different regions in this country, and particularly, on the roads between cities so that caravans could stay and rest. In addition to providing lodgings, meals, entertainments, etc., caravanserais performed a variety of economic, military, religious, political, religious, cultural, and social functions at the effective services to the Safavid government. The present study tries to explain the functions of caravanserais in the Safavid period and the roles they played in the commercial development during the period. Findings of the present study show that caravanserais, which are today regarded as one of the heritages of civilization, had a significant role in their various multi-purpose functions in the economic- commercial lives of different nations and in the interplay of ideas among them through the appropriate architecture in different climatic types.

Achaemenid era is one of the most important and most complex period of history, Our knowledge of this period is according to the numerous sources, but it is distributed. However, the diversity and distribution of resources (both Greek writers, Persepolis Court documents, business documents, treaties and trade Babylonian, Achaemenid royal inscription prevent to provide a complete and clear picture of the different aspects of Achaemenid history (ie, politics, society, religion, economy, and leave Still dark and unknown corners of the vast world of Achaemenid. By the juxstaposing all of this document and attempting to complete and correct the sources of critical and rational Eastern Western sources in contrast., can clear somewhat the dark Corners And unknown Achaemenid system In different dimensions. Relying on inscriptions and seals and tablets.

By the end of the First World War was changed global order. The British took over the Middle East under his influence and domination. Regional and global policy of England in this period Construction of a regional defense to counter Soviet influence and spread of communism in the Middle East. Thus, establishment anti-communist and dictatorship regimes to counter the Soviet based on their global policies in between the two wars in the Middle East. Consequently, this policy was the conclusion of "non-aggression pact" in 1316 A.H.S AD between the four countries, Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Afghanistan. The treaty with the start of World War II and the division of political and military bloc crumbled, but the cornerstone of the "Baghdad Pact" was the next cycle. The purpose of this article is to examine the objectives and policies of England in the formation of "non-aggression pact". This study is based on a descriptive study and use of documents, primary sources and recent research has the goal itself.