مجله تولید و فرآوری محصولات زراعی و باغی
سال یکم شماره 1 (پاییز 1390)

In order to study the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), as a salinity stress factor, on sour orange seed germination indices, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replica‌tions (each replication included 20 seeds) at the University of Guilan, in 2009. NaCl levels were 0, 7.8, 15.6 and 23.4 dS/m. The results showed that various levels of NaCl had significant effect on all the studied traits. Seed germination in 23.4 dS/m treatment started later than other treatments. The highest germination was in control and 7.8 dS/m NaCl treatments. The 15.6 and 23.4 dS/m NaCl treatments had the least germination percentage (85.7 and 46.9%, respectively). The highest germination index (length of germination period) was in 23.4 dS/m treatment followed by 15.6 and 7.8 dS/m and control with no significant difference. T50 was highest in 23.4 dS/m and lowest in control treatments. Mean daily germination, seed growth rate and seed vigor were highest in control treatment, with no significant difference with 7.8 dS/m treatment. Overall, it was found that germination of sour orange seeds is resistant to 7.8 dS/m NaCl, and they are able to germinate and grow in saline soils, as well.

To reduce transpiration and increase water use efficiency of olive trees in Ahvaz, the antitranspirant effects of of three levels of kaolin (0, 2.5% and 5%) on four varieties of olive (Mission, Conservolea, Keylet, Bledy) was carried out in a four-month period, with three replications. The results showed that Kaolin have a significant effect on plant water potential, leaf relative water content and stomatal resistance in the morning and midday. The highest and the lowest stomatal resistance of morning belonged to control treatment in Keylet and Bledy cultivars, respectively. Maximum and minimum stomatal resistances of midday were related to 5% kaolin in Conservolea and 2.5% kaolin in Bledy cultivars, respectively. Maximum and minimum plant water potential was observed in 2.5% kaolin and control treatments, respectively. The highest and the lowest leaf relative water content were observed in 2.5% kaolin in Keylet cultivar and control treatment in Mission cultivar, respectively. Kaolin did not have significant effect on leaf chlorophyll content, but reduced its proline content. This shows the positive role of kaolin on reduction of plant water stress by increasing the leaf relative water content and plant water use efficiency.

Genetic variation of 16 white and yellow astragal accessions collected from three protected regions of Isfahan province (Mooteh, Kolah-Ghazi and Ghamishloo) were evaluated using ISSR marker. Nine ISSR primers produced 221 bands in which 204 were polymorphic among astragal accessions. ISSR banding patterns were transformed into binary data of presence–absence and matrices were processed with NTSYS Ver. 2 software. Mantel correspondence tests were conducted to select the best similarity coefficient. Dendrogram was constructed using the simple matching coefficient with unweighted pair group mathematical average (UPGMA). Cluster analysis showed the presence of two large and five small groups and the PCoA data confirmed the results of clustering. Results showed that white astragals have more genetic similarity but yellow astragals have more genetic diversity and it is necessary to improve their systematic identification. The highest gene diversity was observed in Kolah-Ghazi (0.366) and the least gene diversity belonged to Moote (0.129). So, the regions with low gene diversity (e. g. Mooteh) should be more protected in relation to astragal accessions and it is necessary to apply genetic conservation strategies in these regions.

A factorial experiment with forty one triticale genotypes and two wheat cultivars (‘Kavir’ bread wheat cultivar and ‘Dipper-6’ durum wheat cultivar as salt-tolerant genotypes) as the first factor and six salinity levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 percent (0, 85, 170, 255, 340 and 425 mM) of NaCl as the second factor was conducted. Results indicated that the increase of salinity level has lead to a significant decrease in germination percentage, number, weight and length of roots and number and weight of shoots of the germinated seeds. There was a high and significant genotypic difference in germination-related traits of seeds. Moreover, interaction of salinity × genotype was highly significant in the mentioned traits. ‘Kavir’ cultivar of bread wheat and ‘Dipper-6’ cultivar of durum wheat were less salt-tolerant compared to triticale genotypes at the germination stage. The Caracal, Prego, ‘Lasko’ and ‘Zorro’ genotypes were least affected by different salinity levels compared to control treatment and hence could be suggested as salt-tolerant triticale genotypes at the germination stage. On the other hand, ‘Pollmer’, ‘Alamos-83’ and ‘Magnat’ genotypes were most affected at different salinity levels compared to control treatment and hence could be suggested as salt-sensitive triticale genotypes at the germination stage for further studies. Overall, salinity stress developed by 170 to 425 Mm NaCl in triticale and the increment of salts lead to a regular decrease of germination and seedling growth variables.

In order to evaluate the effects of supplementary irrigation and municipal solid waste compost on growth and yield of two chickpea cultivars under dryland condition, a field experiment was arranged in Khoramabad, Iran, in 2008-2009. The experimental design was split-split plots with randomized complete blocks with three replications. Four levels of irrigation as main plot including dryland (as control), supplementary irrigation at flowering stage, grain filling stage, and flowering + grain filling stages, three levels of municipal waste compost (0, 10 and 15 t/ha) as sub-factors, and Greet and Filip chickpea cultivars as sub-sub factors were considered. Results showed that the highest number of branches (14.08), number of pods per plant (32.37), plant height (37.25 cm), 1000-grain weight (282 g), grain yield (1475 kg/ha) and biological yield (4155 kg/ha) were obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering+ grain filling stages. Greet cultivar had more yield in supplementary irrigation treatments and the highest yield in all stages was obtained from application of 15 t/ha compost. The conclusion of this research was that application of 15 t/ha compost along with supplemental irrigation and proper cultivar will result in higher yield in chickpea cultivars under dryland conditions.

In order to study the effects of foliar application of phosphorus (P) and water deficit on yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Alvand), a split-plot experiment, with completely randomized blocks design and three replications, was carried out at the Research Farm of Boyer Ahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, 13 km west of Yasouj, in 2008-2009. The main plots were irrigation at three levels (1- full irrigation (control), 2- deficit irrigation from the stem elongation to booting stage, and 3- deficit irrigation from booting stage to the end of growth period) and the subplots were five levels of foliar application of P fertilizer (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 kg/ha KH2PO4). The results showed that the effects of different irrigation regimes and foliar application of P were significant on all traits, and their interaction was significant on plant height, number of grain per spike, grain yield and biological yield. Full irrigation and foliar application of 6 kg/ha P produced the highest grain and biological yield (6000 and 14170 kg/ha, respectively) and deficit irrigation from the stem elongation to booting stage without foliar application of P produced the lowest grain and biological yield (2920 and 8219 kg/ha, respectively). Foliar application of P affects significantly the evaluated traits only in drought-stress treatments and its effect was not significant in full irrigation treatment. In general, foliar application of 9 kg/ha P compensated the losses in wheat due to drought stress.

In order to study the effects of water stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, nutrient status and chlorophyll content in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) a field experiment as split plot design with three replications was conducted at Ghaen city in 2009. Treatments included three levels of irrigation after 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from Class A pan as main plot and four levels of sulfur fertilizer including 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha from bentonite-sulfur source as sub-plot. Statistical analysis of the results showed that water stress has significant effect on grain yield and essential oil of black cumin. At the level of 150 mm evaporation from Class A pan, the grain yield decreased by 22.8% and essential oil by 27.6%. Application of 225 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer increased grain yield up to 7.2%. Water stress and sulfur fertilizer treatments had only significant effect on chlorophyll a content. However, water stress decreased chlorophyll a content, but sulfur fertilizer application up to 225 kg/ha increased the content of chlorophyll a. In this study, water stress decreased potassium content in black cumin leaves, but increased the sodium and calcium accumulation. Although application of sulfur fertilizer affected significantly the potassium and magnesium contents in shoots, but did not have significant effect on sodium and calcium contents.