فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، زمستان 1394)

Pollution is a world problem with serious consequences. Heavy metals are an important group of these contaminants and enter aquatic ecosystems from anthropogenic and natural sources and animal health and systems are affected. In this study, the effect of lead exposure (3 mg/l concentration, 30 days) on activity of tissue enzymes, including acetyl cholinesterase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) In liver, gills, brain and muscle were studied in Snow trout (Schizothorax zarudnyi). The results showed that lead caused a significant inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase in the gills and brain as compared to control group (p˂0/05). The activity of ALT was increased significantly in the liver and brain homogenates following lead acetate exposure (p˂0/05). A significant increase in AST activity was observed in the liver and brain (p˂0/05). Moreover, LDH and ALP activity were increased significantly following lead acetate exposure only in the liver (p˂0/05). According to this, lead exposure in Snow trout leads to interactions between these metal and biological systems, which could affect metabolic enzyme activities in some tissues.The enzyme activity by lead did not follow the same pattern of increase or decrease and different results were based on enzymes and tissue. Therefore, monitoring of enzymatic profiles in tissues of Snow trout could be useful for identification of overall fish health and organ dysfunction following lead exposure.

Ischemic Brain Edema is one of the most important complications of a stroke. This study aims to investigate the impact of pre-feeding of flax seed oil on blood-brain barrier in rat stroke model. In this experimental study animals were randomly divided into 3 groups of experiment, sham, and control. Each testing group itself was consisted of 3 subgroups receiving doses of Flaxseed oil with 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 ml / kg of body weight for 30 days. The control group received distilled water, while therapy and ischemia induction were not done for sham group. In order to conduct ischemia induction and evaluating the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by measuring the optical density level of the Evans Blue MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) model surgery was conducted on groups two hours after the last feeding dose. The data were analyzed via ANOVA test. The permeability decrease of the blood-brain barrier in groups with doses of 0.5 and 0.75 ml against the control group was statistically significant (P˂0/05). There were significant differences between the right and left hemispheres in control groups with dose of 0.25ml (P˂0/05).But the differences between the right and left hemispheres in therapy group with doses of 0.5 and 0.75 were insignificant. According to the findings of this study, pre-treatment with flax seed oil can reduce the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in a model of ischemia-reperfusion in rats. But still more works to extend these observations including the investigation of neurological deficits are needed to be done.

Dietary essential oils may be used as alternatives to antibiotics and its might improve poultry performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of coriander essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to 5 treatments, 4 replications with a completely randomized design during 42 days of age. Experimental treatments consisted of control treatment (basal diet) or basal diets containing different levels of coriander essential oil (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) and 600 mg/kg flavophospholipol antibiotic. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. Results in total period showed that highest feed intake was observed in antibiotic compared with 100 and 200 mg/kg coriander essential oil treatments (P<0.01). Also, the highest weight gain at antibiotic and at the level of 300 mg/kg coriander essential oil treatments compared with control and at the level of 100 mg/kg coriander essential oil was observed (P<0.01). At final, the best feed conversion rate was observed at coriander essential oil and antibiotic treatments (P<0.01). Highest carcass and thigh proportional weights and lowest gastrointestinal proportional weights of broilers were observed at coriander essential oil and antibiotic treatments compared with control treatment (P<0.05). Immune system parameters were unaffected by dietary supplementation of experimental treatments. The results demonstrated that addition of the coriander essential oil to the feed as well as antibiotic had a significant effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics at 42 days of age.

The growth is a one of biological aspects of fishes and is a good index in order to determine of health of these population. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different color lights on condition factor and weight- length relationships (LWR) of rainbow trout. Fertilized eggs of fish were kept under light conditions, 14h light and 10h dark for 5 months at seven lights color of white light(control), azure, blue, green, yellow, orange and red in farm aquaculture. After yolk sac absorption, weight and length of fry were measured by a digital scale and a caliper randomly. Data was analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan and Regression test. The results were showed that the highest and lowest condition factor was observed in yellow and green light respectively, but there wasnt significant different between treatment groups. There was seen significant association between weight- length relationships in different lights. Growth pattern in often lights was isometric in different days. In some of lights, growth pattern was negative allometric. On the base of data of this study, it was concluded that different light can cause similar changes in weight and length of fish. In other words, rainbow trout can growth in different light proportionately.

Evaluation of probiotic is not summarized on growth but included the other aspects, such as blood parameters. In this study, effects of two bifidobacter, Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifidobacterium lactis with three concentrations of 1× 109 (T1), 2× 109 (T2) and 3× 109 (T2) CFU/100g were studied on growth performance and hematological parameters of rainbow trout larvae with initial body weight of 0.538 ± 0.197 g. Thus 3 experimental treatments and a control, each with three replicates were prepared. Thirty rainbow trout larvae were stocked in each replicate. The larvae were fed 4 times a day according to 4-8% of body weight. After 8 weeks of feeding trail with supplemented diet with Bifidobacterium growth and hematological parameters were studied. The result of hemoglobin showed no significant difference between experimental treatments and the control (P>0.05). The use of Bifidobacter caused increase of red and white blood cells in T3 and T2 treatments (P<0.05). However no significant difference was observed in MCV and MCH (P>0.05). The study of hematological parameters, final weight and specific growth rate in present study showed that the use of bifidobacter increased blood cell account and also the final weight growth in rainbow trout.

In this research we have considered the effect of using natural pigment like (Beta vulgaris) and (rubia tinctorum) and compound of these two pigments on white angel fish (pterophyllum scalare).. This consideration on 76 white angel fish with average weight of 1.12±0.5gr in 5 treatments including 5 and 10gr madder in kg food, 5 and 10gr red beet per kg food and combined treatment(5gr madder adding to 5gr red beet) per kg food and control group. Feeding was done 3 times a day and to the degree of 10% of the weight of fishes’ body. At the end taking photo was done by equal condition through digital cameras and degree of tonality of fish skin has been considered through Lab system of Photoshop. Also some index of growth like BWI, FCR, and SGR. At the end of period fishes fed up with foods having 10kg/kg red beet has had more clear yellow color than control group and other treatments(p<0.05). Also fishes fed up with higher dose of red beet and madder has had more growth than other treatments (p<0.05).

Experiment was conducted for 8 weeks to determine the reaction (Astacus leptodactylus) to interaction energy and salinity. Diets containing 3 levels of energy (300,370 and 450 kcal/100g) with a constant protein content of 30% and 2 levels of salinity (fresh water and brackish water (12 ppt) were formulated. Tank content 110 liter, each filled with 80 liter water. 5 A.leptodactylus (average weight of 17±2) were storage per each tank and feed twice a day. Results showed different levels of energy did not have significant effect on growth factor and survival of crayfish (P< 0.05), but fresh water and brackish water had a significant effect on growth factor. The best growth was seen in fresh water. Survey on interaction between energy –salinity was indicated the highest growth were seen in (fresh water) and energy 370 (kcal/100g). Caracas analyzes (protein and lipid) in treatment salinity decreased and has a significant (P<0.05) effect. The highest protein carcass was seen in interaction between energy (370 kcal/100gr) and (0 ppt) which had significantly different with other treatments (P<0.05). The greatest amount protein of body composition were in practical diet containing 370 kcal/100gr energy and fresh water which had significantly differences with other treatment (P<0.05). Overall this study indicates the dietary which containing 370 kcal/100gr energy in fresh water has the greatest performance on growth, nutrition and body composition.

Caracal (Caracal caracal) is a species of Felidae which has a vast distribution in the central area ofIran. In this study, we gathered all records of caracal in Yazd province during nine years (2002-2011). We also analyzed the results of intensive camera-trapping in 3 protected areas inYazd province. Based on the results of the study 96 records of caracal were obtained in the study area including, 36 photographs, 54 direct observations and 6 death animals. The results showedSiahkouhNational Park has more relative abundance of caracal than the other areas (including; Naibandan and Dareh Anjir wildlife refuges). Analysis of the results showed there is no significant difference between the activities of caracal on night and day. Three records of death animals related to the road accidents. In this study, we obtained 3 different cases of reproduction of caracal in Kalmand – Bahadoran protected area.

Since Gasoil due to the aromatics of the most important environmental pollutants and is one of the oil with many applications. According to its damaging effects on living organisms and human beings, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Gasoil on the parameters of liver, white rat race was Albino NMRI. The 40 mice in 4 groups, adult male mice were divided into control and treatment of adult female rats were divided into control and treatment, with an average weight of 28 grams divided and studied. In mice treated for 14 days and every day, once 0.2cc Pure fuel-grade solution 6.6 mg/kg mice were fed weight. After anesthesia and studies macroscopic and microscopic slides prepared from liver tissue parameters, using software and the death a measure of statistical analysis software was SPSS19. Studies in male and female treatment groups compared to the control group in the parameters of liver tissue, represents the mean diameter of lobular central vein, sinusoid, the core of the cell to the cell surface and the number of single-core and dual-core to reduce the diameter of the vein between lobular that these changes in level (P<0.05) were significant. Gasoline is causes these changes because the aromatic compounds and create free radicals in the liver. Thus, according to its various applications, notification should be done on ways to deal with complications and to reduce its effects.