فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 27، پاییز 1394)

Ismail Aqa, who is known as Samko, has been regarded to be one of the most influential figures of Iran's contemporary history in the north – western frontiers and over there for almost 25 years. The narratives about him are generally biased. The present study endeavors to explain the effective reasons for Samku's rebellion based on the Persian primary resources and Russian documentary researches with analytical- descriptive approach. This article demonstrates that the rebellion of Shakak's leaders was as a result of corruption and incompetence of Qajar's kings, despite of biased reports. Such biased reports emphasize on the conspiracy of Shakak's leaders. The outcome of this study is that the events such as constitutional revolution, global changes, termination of the First World War, the revolution of October and the departure of aliens from Azarbayejan had the great influence on Samku's rebellion. This study claims that the real rebellion of Samku began after the First World War and the departure of aliens from the north _ western frontiers of Iran. It can be concluded that some factors such as governmental corruption, ignorance of Shakak's position and refusal to participation of this group in governing of regions with local changes offered a great opportunity for Samku' rebellion.

After constitutional revolution, the position of classes in society changed due to governmental reforms. Subsequently, such matter had influence on different aspects of life. The merchants and guilds, regarded as one of the most significant political – economical classes, had effectively economical – social functions. This class, influenced by governmental policies and global changes, was influential in currents of Iran. One of the concerns of Reza Shah's government was reducing the power of this class by controlling of guild system as a result of its substantial role in internal policies. Consequently, the reforms of government led to merchants and guild's reactions such as strike, the suspension of market, complaint and demand. This article, based on documents and library studies, aims to investigate the status of guilds in political- economical structure of Iran at first decade of 14th century and the reasons of attention of Pahlavi I to them. The outcome of this research demonstrates that merchants had effective role in economical and political reforms in the decade of 1300s; however, the programs of Reza Shah's government for rehabilitation and foundation of absolute government limited the political and finical power of this class in economical field.

The arrival of Islam in Iranian territories led to the changes in architecture of Iranian cities of Sassanid period. The general feature of such cities was the expansion of its external part (Rabaz). The reports of Muslim geographers indicate that the structure of these cities, however, the information about the architecture of Iran's historical cities are incomplete and imprecise. Yazd city could be a good example of these cities. This study aims to indicate the structure of Yazd city based on the historical, architectural and archeological documents with analytical- descriptive approach. The outcome of this research demonstrates that the part of Sharestan, which was small, had a stable rampart with two gates. One of these gates, known as Darb Masjed (The door of mosque), was located in the south of Sharestan. The second gate, known as Darb Izad or Andaru, was situated in the north of this part. The market and one of the central mosques were located in Rabaz and another mosque was situated in Sharestan. The important issue about this city was the expansion of this city in south, south _ west and south _ east. It is assumed that the market had influence on this expansion of this part in the next period.

The presence of Russia remarkably increased in Central Asia in the 19th Century. This presence not only led Iran to be exposed to invasion but also created the challenges for the relations between Russia and England. The available studies, related to the relations between Russia and England, mainly discuss about the military events; however, the diplomacy of Russia is scarcely targeted. This study endeavors to present a new analysis of Russia's military and political policies in Central Asia with its effects. In fact, such study aims to determine precisely the foreign policy of Russia in Central Asia based on primary resources, treaties and historical correspondences with descriptive – analytical approach. Therefore, the main questions of such study are: How could Russia impose its sovereignty on the districts of East Caspian Sea? What were the reactions of Iran and England against Russia's policies? It is assumed that the military actions of Russia had not been the sole concern of Russia and the authorities of Russia had a considerable role in Russia's progress. The outcome of this research demonstrates that not only the colonial rivalries between Russia and England had effected on political geography of Caspian Sea's coasts but also Russia employed effective means such as economical relations, political methods, field studies, informational influence and military actions to maintain its sovereignty on Central Asia totally.

The failure of Iran's constitutional has been admitted by the majority of researchers. The important matter is that why did such movement fail? The present study aims to provide reasonable answers based on the relationship between Iranian thought (tradition) and European constitutional (modernism). In this article, it has been tried to employ hermeneutics approach (Kashf Al Mahjub), which has been regarded as appropriate method for new researches of constitution, in context of Iranian thought considering the emphasis on thought history and the principle of it. Furthermore, this study endeavors to mention two examples of epistemic foundation i.e. the relationship between religion and politics that is differently defined in Iranian thought and modernism context. In fact, the relationship between politics and religion is definite from Iranian thought's perspective, however, the modernism insists on the separation of politics from religion. Such matter is argued in this study. Consequently, the hermeneutics approach is able not only to terminate such argues but also to offer a new deliberation for this subject in the future.

During Qajar era, Afghanistan became the central of attention as a result of reasons such as temporal rebellions, the invasion of rulers of regions i.e. Herat, Qandehar and Kabol to Khorasan and also Qajar king's tendency for restoration of sovereignty on such regions. Internationally, some factors including the domination of England and East India Company on India, England's fear for Dorani Afqan's Attacks and colonial rivalries with Russia and France had a remarkable role in the importance of Afghanistan. England succeeded in provoking Fath Ali Shah against Zaman Shah Dorani by sending ambassadors and signing the treaties. Subsequently, England prevented the alliance of Iran with France and the influence of France by invalid promises for financial and military assistances against Russia troops and restoration of Caucasus region's control. Under Mohammed Shah's kingdom, the fear of Russia's influence on Central Asia and Afghanistan obliged England not only to provoke the rulers of Herat against Iran's government but also to attack Persian Gulf's islands preventing from Iran's conquest in Heart and other regions by utilizing the policy of threat and challenge. During Nasser Al din Shah's period, at first, England imposed the contract of 1269 A.H on Iran and then the separation of Herat by occupation of south of Iran and Paris treaty, which was as a result of incompetence of Iran's authorities.

In 433 A.H, the arrival of Qavord Ibn Choqri beig in Kerman led to the foundation of new government i.e. Seljuk of Kerman, which is also known as Qavordiyan. Such newly government lasted till 583 A.H for a decade and half inherently among the sons and grandsons of Qavord. Undoubtedly, one of the main concerns of Seljuk's rulers of Kerman was attempt to develop economic status and people's welfare of this province. Consequently, the control of commercial affairs was one of the most significant priorities of Seljuk's rulers, especially from the foundation of this dynasty. This matter was related to the power or lack of authorities of such rulers. For this purpose, the present study aims to investigate the status of trade, commercial routes and goods during Seljuk period regarding the foundation of this dynasty based on library studies with descriptive – analytical approach. Therefore, the fundamental concern of this study is to picture the position of trade in Kerman during Seljuk period and important commercial routes and goods. The outcome of this study demonstrates that the presence of Seljuk rulers in Kerman and their efforts for improving the status of trade by rehabilitation of routes, ports, inns (Karvan Sara) and securing of commercial routes led to the development of trade in this province.