مجله تعالی بالینی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 8، پاییز 1394)

The formation of acrylamide monomers in cereal products at temperatures higher than 120°C is a major global health and safety problem in food hygiene first discovered by the University of Stockholm in Sweden. Acrylamide is a carcinogen that causes gene mutation and damages the immune and nervous systems and is therefore a major health concern for humans. No safe limits of consumption that do not cause cancer have yet been determined for acrylamide, as the compound is carcinogenic even at low concentrations, and is 100 times more dangerous to humans than the other known toxins present in the environment. Bread is a main source for the human intake of high levels of acrylamide. In Iran, the rate of the formation of acrylamide and its intake through bread are very concerning. The free asparagine present in wheat become the main acrylamide formation agents in acting through the Maillard reaction. The present study was conducted to investigate the measures through which acrylamide levels can be reduced in bread.

The prevalence of adolescent obesity has increased dramatically over the past three decades. Since the many lifestyle habits are formed during childhood and adolescence. Disordered eating behaviors during adolescence can negatively affect growth and health and is associated with a higher risk of overweight, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is important, identify potentially modifiable factors that contribute to make healthy eating behavior. The aim of this study is to review the evidences in relationship to eating behavior factors in adolescents. This review study was done by searching on Pubmed and Science direct, Google scholar and Database(SID) by entering “Eating behavior”, “Psychosocial”, “family environment” and “Adolescent” as keywords. In this study, clinical trial, cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective studies which were published during 1996 to 2014 were reviewed. There is much evidence that many parental behaviors and other factors within the family environment are significant predictors of adolescent disordered eating behaviors. Review existing studies, show that environmental and social cognitive theories in the study of the factors influencing eating behaviors, were important. And can be said, controlling food-related parenting practices, home environment, personal, psychological and socioenvironmental factors can be lead to an appropriate eating behavior and sustainable.

Saffron is a spice that its preventive and curative effects against cancer have been seen in the studies. However, there are some worries about saffron toxicity against normal cells. This is the first study that has reviewed the toxicity of saffron extract and its’ constitutes on normal and cancer cells. To search English studies, the articles of Pub Med, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases, and to search Persian articles SID and Magiran databases database were searched. Totally, 65 English and 5 Persian articles have used for the review. Saffron has a selective toxicity against cancer cells, with mechanisms including inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and increasing apoptosis. Crocin has considered as the most important anticancer agent of saffron the effect may be due to make changes in gene expression and due to apoptosis induction in cancer cells. Crocetin has an inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells. The effect of crocetin may be due to reduced synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in neoplastic cells, inhibition of RNA polymerase II, and interaction with histone H1 and H1-DNA structures. Saffron and its’ crocin and crocetin have also shown anticancer and cancer-preventive effects in animal models of cancer. In the other hand, The Lethal dose, 50% (LD50) for the saffron and its’ constitutes against normal cells is very high. So, the results suggests that saffron extract and its crocin and crocetin have a selective toxicity against cancer cells and cancer preventive functions. However, Saffron and its’ constitutes toxicity against normal cells is quite low and they are even non-toxic in oral administration.

Herbal medicines contain an enormous number of natural compounds with important pharmacological properties, and their extracts have been used for treating various diseases from ancient times. Licorice with a scientific name of Glycyrrhiza Glabra from family of Legominosae, is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran. This paper reports a literature review examining of phytochemical, pharmacological and physiological properties of Licorice. Electronic literature searches were carried out to identify the relevant published studies. We searched ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Magiran, SID and Iran Medex from their inception to the end of October 2015, so literature search was limited to English and Persian databases. The search yielded 243 articles, 86 of which met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that licorice rhizome and it's constituents have beneficial effects on preventing and treating of gastrointestinal diseases, especially gastric ulcers, flatulence, constipation, tonsillitis and hepatitis. On the other hand the effects of licorice and it's active components on the respiratory system and fix cough, asthma and chest infections have been seen in studies. The anticancer effects of licorice compounds have been identified. Also, the beneficial effects of licorice in the treatment of depression suggests this plant is the broad range of capabilities. In general, it seems licorice and it's active components have a range of beneficial effects like anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy, so in the plant medicine should be attention to this plant, particularly.

Because of the spread the obesity around the world epidemically, it is important to investigate the causes of obesity. One of the main causes of obesity is unhealthy and unbalanced diet. Since the study about dietary pattern, can better assess all aspects of a person's diet. The Present study aimed to review the evidences in the relationship between obesity and dietary patterns. This review study was done by searching on PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct by entering “Obesity”, “Dietary patterns”, “Anthropometric indicators, “Body Mass Index” and “Fat mass” as keywords. In this study, clinical trial, cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective studies which were published during 2004 to 2015 were reviewed. We included studies that were diagnosed obesity based on body mass index and body fat mass criteria and investigated its relation with dietary pattern and also were done on human, and excluded non-English language articles. In most evaluated studies, there was a negative and significant association between dietary pattern with high variety, high intake of fiber, low fat dairy, whole grain, unsaturated fatty acids, and dietary pattern with high density foods and obesity. Finding dietary patterns associated with obesity can be employed in targeted prevention and providing a healthy diet for the control of the epidemic of obesity in the community.

Insulin resistance in patients with diabetes mellitus Cause complications such as cardiovascular disease and kidney. The studies have indicated that ginseng is effective in hyperglycemia control and prevention of the complications of diabetes through improving insulin sensitivity and reduce blood pressure, inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and obesity. The current study aimed to review the available studies regarding the effect of ginseng on improving glycemic status and other related parameters. This review study was done by searching on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Persian databases as the SID and Magiran by using of key words: Inflammation, Ginseng, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Dyslipidemia. In this study, the articles published between the years 1995-2014 were used. The study’s results show that ginseng and ginsenosids (active compunds of ginseng) can reduce hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Although some studies did not support the effects of ginseng. One of the reasons for inconsistent results between studies is different combinations between types of ginseng (Asian, American,. ..) So, due to few studies and conflicting results in this regard, more research is suggested.

One of the reaction between food and plastic packaging material is the migration of packaging into the food stuff. Investigation and study of these reactions on food quality and safety is important because some migrating materials like Vinyl Chloride monomer (VCM), di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), styrene monomer (MS), Which are used as plasticizers in the plastic packaging materials cause different cancers in addition to their other environmental pollutions in the societies. In the present study, the effective factors on the phenomenon of migration from plastic packaging materials into food and it,s effective for packaging food stuff safety.

The ochratoxins comprise a family of toxic secondary metabolites of several species included in the fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Ochratoxins A, B, and C are, the more commonly recognized members of the family of which ochratoxin A (OTA) occurs more abundantly and is more toxic than the others. Prevention from nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity properties of OTA results by more knowledge about physiological effects of OTA and the route of OTA reaching the consumers body. Ochratoxin A is able to reach the human food chain through carry-over of contaminated feed into animal-derived products or contaminated cereal-based foods. OTA can enter to infant's body from maternal milk. Infants and children who daily consume large quantities of milk may have a total daily intake of ochratoxin A greater than the guideline. This review examines the literature on biochemistry and toxicity of OTA, the occurrence of OTA in feeds and foods and kinetic and dynamic of OTA toxicity, with regard to the public health and community food safety hazards. Prevention and control of ochratoxicosis about food and stuff and commodities may be polluted to OTA remarked. Increase the knowledge about this toxin results in correction of route of OTA reaching to consumers that include from farm to houses.

The cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of mortality in the world. Controlling of blood lipid levels is one of the important factors in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic disorders. According to available research evidence, probiotics are probably helpful in the improvement of lipid profile and atherosclerotic control. The aim of this study is to review the effect of probiotics strains on lipid profile and atherosclerotic in cardiovascular diseases.There is a strong relationship between the type and number of intestinal microorganisms with cardiovascular histologic health. The type of probiotic is a key factor in significant differences of biochemical markers. The probiotics in addition to prebiotics are likely more effective in improvement of serum lipids. Regarding to basic characteristics of patient and risk factors of dyslipidemia, hypertension, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, we should decide accurately about the proper dose of probiotics and the length of the intervention period.

Iodine fortification is widespread. Systematic monitoring of iodine fortification programs should be carried out to secure an optimal fortification level. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of iodine fortification program by evaluation of goiter prevalence, median urinary iodine excretion of School children in Iranat baseline until now according to national studies data. In this study, all scientific papers of IDD surveillance system, results of IDD-related surveys at national levels searched by Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, ScienceDirect, SID and IranMedex in English and Persian with no time limitation. National studies data are summarized, interpreted, and then organized. According to national nutrition and food safety document criteria, Goiter prevalence, urinary iodine excretion in schoolchildren and iodine content of salt at household, factory and distribution sites were acceptable, however lack of adequate iodine nutrition (insufficient or above requirement median urinary iodine) in some provinces were detectable yet. It seems Iran has made strong progress in the development of universal salt iodization strategy and meets all criteria for sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency. However, lack of adequate iodine nutrition in some provinces necessitates special attention and proper. Also according to systematic monitoring of iodine fortification programs importance, fifth national monitoring seems necessary.

During preparation and food processing, various undesirable compounds are formed that have different biological and toxic effects and are potential hazards to human health. One of these compounds that is created during heat treatment of vegetables and animal oils and fats. The aim of this study was to review acrolein formation mechanisms in foods, its metabolism and impact on health. Literature search was performed in English and Persian keywords in different databases without any limitation in time. 100 articles were obtained and finally 66 articles were reviewed. The results of this article showed that there are different mechanisms for acrolein formation that depends on temperature and type of food. Most of acrolein detection methods are based on derivatization by 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazine and measurement by HPLC and GC. Studies have shown that acrolein has a critical rolein generation of inflammation in the respiratory system, Alzheimer, multiple sclerosis, artherosclerotic diseases and immune system suppression. Since most of the studies have been carried out regarding of its toxicity in animal models, more reliable data is needed to assess the risk of human exposure.