نشریه اصول بهداشت روانی
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 71، بهمن و اسفند 1394)

Bullying in schools is a complex phenomenon. Teacher's ability to manage bullying behavior is closely related to the occurrence and continuation of bullying in classes.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of School-Wide Anti Bullying Programs (SWABP) on classroom behavior management strategies and teacher's perceived self-efficacy in classroom behavior management.
The statistical community of this clinical trial consis all of women teachers in elementary schools in Ahar city (western part of Iran) during 2014-2013. The sample included 40 teachers that were chosen through random sampling and divided into two equal experimental and control groups. In order to measure the research variables, the classroom behavior management strategies scale and perceived self-efficacy of teachers were used. The program was designed to recognize and dealing with student's bullying was performed for experimental group during the six 90 minute's sessions. Data analyzed by ANCOVA and SPSS software version 15.
The results indicated that the treatment was able to create significant changes in the choice of advocate assertion strategies (P=0.005), avoidance (P=0.00), parents involvement (P=0.001) and in teacher's efficiency in classroom behavior management compared to the control group.
It seems that anti-bullying program could be effective on bullying behavior management strategies and teachers perceived effectiveness in classroom management so it emphasizes the need to implement programs to prepare and promote the professional skills of teachers and school counselors to deal effectively with behavioral problems of students.

Behavioral inhibition deficit is considered probable in compulsive washing symptoms. Go-No Go and stop signal paradigms are the frameworks used for studying behavioral inhibition. As in stop signal paradigm it is necessary for participants to inhibit triggered response, we aimed to investigate behavioral inhibition in clinical compulsive washing in this paradigm.
The cases of this clinical trial were participated among obsessive-compulsive patients who referred to psychiatrists clinics in Mashhad. Number of 30 cases with washing compulsion and 30 cases without disorder were selected. Beck Depression Inventory - version II, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R) and Stop it test were fulfilled for all cases in the Psychology Clinic of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Data analyzed by MANCOVA and SPSS software version 20.
The analysis showed that the effect of group factor (F=4.37, P Significant differences in stop-signal reaction time between the two groups indicated a deficiency in behavioral inhibition in the compulsive washing group. Inability to inhibit triggered response (behavioral inhibition) in compulsive washing patients is consistent with the symptoms of disorder.

Obesity is one of the diseases in modern and industrial life which is increasing with the rise of social facilities. Considering the previous studies, cognitive factors (attentional bias) play major role in the failure of dieting people. The present study investigates the subliminal attentional bias in dieters compared to nondieters.
This causal-comparative study conducted clinics of Ghaem and Imam Reza hospitals and the clinic of faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2011. Participants were dieters (n=30) and nondieters (n=30) in which the ratio of genders are the same. Individuals, between 20 to 50 years old, were categorized into two groups of dieters and nondieters. To measure the attentional bias, the combine Stroop test was done and for each participant, two versions of pictorial and lexical stroop test were used. Data analyzed by MANCOVA and SPSS software version 20.
The results showed that there are not any significant differences between the interference mean scores of low-calorie (P=0.28)/high-calorie (P=0.57) food images and the low-calorie (P=0.307)/high-calorie (P=0.202) food names in the two groups.
It seems that subliminal food stimuli may not cause attentional bias in dieters in comparison with non-dieters.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent that is more effective than standard antipsychotictic drugs in the treatment of patients with refractory schizophrenia. The main factor limiting its use is the risk of potentially fatal agranulocytosis. The aim of this study was to assessment the prevalence of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis and other white blood cell disorders among patients in psychiatric hospitals of Mashhad.
This study analyzed the data of 210 patients received clozapine in Ibn-e-Sina and Hejazi hospitals in Mashhad during September 2012 to September 2013. In most cases hematologic monitoring was weekly for the first 18 weeks, then it changed to every month. The questionnaires included demographic factors such as of age, gender, type of psychiatric disorder, duration of treatment, maximum dose of clozapine and concomitant antipsychotics were fulfilled through the patient’s medical records. Data analyzed by descriptive tests, chi-square and exact Fisher test.
The patients included 102 males and 108 females with the mean age of 38.3 years. The duration of clozapine treatment was one month (37.6%) and 1-3 months (36.2%) The maximal daily dose for 56.2% of patients was 150-299 mg/day. 60.4% received concomitant antipsychotics. No case of agranulocytosis was seen but the following transient hematologic dysfunctions were showed in 20.4% decrease of white blood cell, anemia (4.7%), eosinophilia (11.4%), thrombocytopenia (9.5%), leukocytosis (3.3%) and chronic leukocytosis (2.3%). There were no significance between white blood cell decrease and age, usage dose, concomitant use of other antipsychotics (P>0.05), but the white blood cell reduction was more in women (P=0.01) and there also was a significance between white blood cell decrease and treatment duration (P=0.011). There was no case of agranulocytosis and mortality among leukopenic patients.
Considering the lack of agranulocytosis in this study, it is recommended to lengthen the intervals of hematologic monitoring in patients who are under treatment with clozapine in order to be easier and more economical.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy in decreasing depression in people with sign and symptom of depression.
This study in 2014 was conducted through a single subject multiple base lines with fallow up phase. The first, three people with sign and symptom of depression were chosen from a Center of Psychology and Counseling in Tehran by purposeful sampling. Participants attended from 3 to 7 week baseline phase. Within base line stage (3-7 weeks) therapy phase (6 weekly) and fallow up step (4 month after treatment), patient fill out Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17, Orientations of happiness, Positive And Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and Meaning in Life )MLQ(.Treatment conducted by the researcher in 6 sessions according Seligman and et al. (2006).
The findings showed that all participants had decreasing trend in depression scores (71%) and Hamilton rating scale (61%). These results remain during fallow up phase and the treatment has been effective to all clients. Also, the results showed the increasing trend in positive emotion, enjoy, engagement and meaning.
It seems that positive psychotherapy as a short-term effective treatment can be applied for decreasing signs and symptoms of depression.

Nowadays job burnout is a common problem in all healthcare systems, and it seems that physical factors such as noise pollution play an important role in it. Based on this, we aimed to study the association between noise pollution and job burnout among nurses in Behbahan city in 2015.
The stattistical community of this cross-sectional analytic study included the nurses in Behbahan city in 2015 so 151 nurses were selected from 3 hospitals through systematic random sampling. The data collection tools were Maslach Burnout Inventory and standard questionnaire of noise pollution. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software through descriptive statistics, ANOVA, independent t-test, and Spearman correlation coefficient test.
25.8% of the participating nurses were male and 74.2% were female. The mean age of participants was 33.48± 8.74 years old. The mean score of noise sensitivity was 63.7±22.98 and the mean score of noise pollution was 56.52± 22.68. Most of the nurses were at the low occupational burnout level in subscales of depersonalization (63.6%) and emotional exhaustion (64.2%); but in the subscale of lack of personal success, a higher percentage of nurses (65.6%) were at the high level of burnout. There was a positive and significant direct association between the subscale of emotional exhaustion and noise pollution (P=0.000) and sensitivity to the noise (P=0.002) and also between depersonalization and noise pollution (P=0.004).
The results indicate that with the increase in noise pollution, job burnout tends to increase, specifically in the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales. Therefore, it seems necessary to implement approaches to reduce noise pollution in hospitals to prevent job burnout in nurses.

The importance of the relationship between attachment patterns in childhood and the quality of close relationships in adulthood is one of the issues that have been of great interest to the researchers in recent decades. In this regard, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of attachment-based group training on the psychological well-being of a non-clinical sample of students.
In this clinical trial, through convenient sampling, 16 girl students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the academic year of 2012-2013 with preoccupied attachment style were selected and randomly allocated to two groups. The Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) and the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (RSPWB) - short form- were used in this study. The experimental group received 7 sessions of 90-minute attachment-based group training while the control group was on the waiting list. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS software version 19.
The results revealed that there was not significant difference between two groups in pre-test also there was not significant difference between two groups in the overall score of the psychological well-being in post-test (P>0.05).
It seems that the application of attachment-based group training in people with preoccupied insecure style cannot lead to the significant improvement of the overall psychological well-being despite improvement in some variables.

According to the researcher's vewpoint, parent's personality traits and their behavior can affect the development of the psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders among children and adolescents. The present study assessed the personality types and characteristics in parents of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared to control group.
The statistical community of this cross-sectional descriptive study included all parents of children and adolescents with OCD who referred to the children and adolescents psychiatric clinic of Ibn-e-Sina hospital of Mashhad during March-September 2013. Parents of 30 children and adolescents (6-18 years) with OCD based on DSM-IV- TR criteria and confirmation of diagnoasis by two child psychiatrists were selected (n=60) via available sampling method. Parents of 30 matched healthy children from schools in Mashhad were selected as the control group. All participants fulfilled the Myers-Briggs personality type questionnaire. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square test and SPSS software version 15.
Findinigs showed that two groups of parents were not different in terms of extraversion-introversion, sensing- intuition and thinking-feeling personality dimensions (P>0.05). There was only a significant difference between two groups in judgment-perception dimension (P=0.026).
It seems that there are not significant relations between almost of parent's personality traits and prevalence or incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorders in children and adolescents.