نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال چهاردهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 54، بهمن و اسفند 1394)

Nowadays, there are many efforts in different countries to identify hazardous road locations through different models in Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Our goal was to identify hazardous locations on a part of Yazd-Kerman highway located in Yazd province. It was by using hot zone method in GIS, and the relationship between these locations and environmental and demographic variables was assessed.
By using hot zone method, each road (Yazd-Kerman & Kerman-Yazd path) was divided into segments named Basic Spatial Units (BSUs). A BSU was defined as 1 Kilometer. For each BSU, variables such as number, time and cause of crashes, vehicle type, weather, age, sex and status of drivers were collected. The hazardous locations were classified in two definition groups as Hot Zones and Yellow Zones.
According to results, 17% of total 212-kilometer road was identified as hazardous locations. The most drivers engaged in crashes in these locations (34%) were in age group of 31-40. Motorcars, trailers and trucks had the most crashes, respectively. The most frequently cause of crashes was non-attendance to front and miss control of vehicle. The most number of crashes were taken place in the sunny climate.
Considering that hazardous locations increase near entrances, exits and junctions, it seems that paying attention to road design principles may cause a great reduction in the crash rate. A safe design also can reduce the effect of environmental factors such as weather, time and even vehicle type. Furthermore a good training program, especially for age 21-40, may have a great role in minimize the human errors in crash occurrence.

The presence of organic dyes, discharged by textile industries, in aqueous environments can cause detrimental effects on aquatic life and subsequently human health. Therefore, the decolorization of aquatic environments is mandatory to protect the environment. For this reason, in the present study, nano-sized diatomite was immobilized within calcium alginate as a nanocomposite adsorbent for removing organic azo dye (Direct blue 15) from aqueous solutions.
First of all, Iranian diatomite was grinded in a planetary ball mill equipped with tungsten carbide cup for 20 h to achieve nanoparticles of the diatomite. For the immobilization of nanostructured diatomite, a 2% sodium alginate solution was used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize immobilized nano-diatomite. Fifty milliliter Erlenmeyer flasks were used as batch flow mode experimental reactors. Working solutions were prepared by the dilution of stock solution (1 g/L) to desired concentrations. The effect of different operational parameters including contact time, initial pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration along with kinetic and isotherm of the adsorption were evaluated. After each experiment, the residual concentration of the dyes was measured spectrophotometrically.
As results, the adsorption of organic dye increased with increasing contact time and adsorbent dosage, while increasing initial dye concentrations resulted in decreasing the adsorption. The adsorption of DB-15 was favored at basic PH. The immobilization of diatomite led to enhancing the adsorption of DB-15 compared to diatomite alone. According to the obtained correlation coefficient, the adsorption of DB-15 obeyed pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity of diatomite/alginate nanocomposite for the adsorption of DB-15 were found about 33.22 mg/g.
The results of this study showed that the diatomite/alginate nanocomposite can be used effectively for treating colored effluents containing azo dyes. Because of its high efficiency, availability of diatomite mines in our country, it can be used as an economic adsorbent for the decolorization of textile effluents.

The term of Ergonomics means rule and law labor which examines the relationship of human with his work environment to improve living and working conditions.Therefore, this study intends to provide background for appropriate preventive solutions to occupational injuries and musculoskeletal disorders with determination the rate of knowledge of principles ergonomics and working conditions for personnel in hospitals.
In this cross-sectional study 523 nurses in 4 hospitals in Yazd. The main variables investigated are awareness of Ergonomics Principles, working conditions, job injuries and demographic variables. Information After extraction from questionnaires were entered into SPSS software version 16 and using statistical tests, Kolmogorov Smirnov, Chi-square, independent t-test, Manwitny and Pearson is being processed.
Nurse's knowledge in the field of ergonomics, with a mean of (2.86±076) from 5 Score was moderate and working conditions of nurses with a mean (2.41±0.58) as weak and job injuries such as musculoskeletal disorders with a mean (2.67±0.87) was poor as well. Between knowledge of science of ergonomics and job injuries statistically significant inverse correlation (P-value = 0.04) and a direct relationship between working conditions and job injuries was significant (P-value Comprehensive training programs to improve working conditions and the use of ergonomic interventions can be effective for reducing occupational injuries.

One of the major problems in industrialized societies is occupational stress. This problem is associated with an increase in various diseases and drivers have a lot of exposure to this factor. According to the harmful effects of stress and drivers exposure with this agent, the aim of study was to review relationship of job stress and disease history of shift and non- shift work agency drivers of urban Yazd city.
This research is a case - control study that is done in agency drivers of Yazd city. For this purpose, 142 shiftwork drivers and 125 non-shiftwork with random-quota sampling method were selected. In order to collect of research data was used from a two-part questionnaire. The first part is demographic and the second part is measuring job stress with Philip L. Rice questionnaire. Finally, the results were analyzed by spss software.
Analyses of the data showed that mean stress score of shift workers is higher than non-shift workers. In addition, the mean stress score based on the type of disease was showed that apart from the lack of sleep, in other diseases, there was no statistically significant difference. However, drivers with disease history had the higher mean stress score.
High stress levels of drivers indicate the need to implement a comprehensive program of stress management in organizations. Therefore, should be further studies in this field.

Risk of occupational accidents in construction industry and sites is very high and dangerous. The establishment of an effective and efficient risk management system is an important step in prevention of construction accidents. The purpose of this study was to analyze the HSE risk management systems in large construction sites and their association with the occupational accidents.
This study was an analytical cross-sectional review that analysis the risk management system and its relation to the accidents of 88-92 years that has been occurred in the construction large sites. Study data includes information about the all HSE risk management systems and human accidents that occurred within 5 years in the various construction sites. Data collection was performed according to the accident report form in construction sites. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. The level of significance in this study was considered as p=0.05.
The mean accident severity rate (ASR) was 1.51×103±1.05×104. The results showed that,risk management system has been established in 18.4% of the studied sites, and the share of the risk management system components and indicators including hazard identification, periodic risk assessment and the implementation of control procedures which was estimated 16.4%, 16.6% and 10.2% respectively.In addition, all indicators of risk management were significantly associated with ASR (pASR Regression analysis based on the risk management Indicators, showed that demographic and job parameters such as work experience and career type, as well as, risk management indicators such as the risk management system establishment,HAZID, periodic risk assessment, HSE training and Housekeeping have been significant associated with accidents consequence severity in the construction industry.

Heavy metals owing to their health hazards and high toxicity in low concentration for human and environment have very concern and attention. Slow sand filter is one of the simple and cost-effective for removal of these pollutants. In this method, media play an important role for removal of pollutant. Therefore, the aim of this study was investigation of different media like slag, zeolite, and conventional media in slow sand filter for removal of lead and cadmium.
In this research there are three beds filter include typical filter bed, slag and zeolite that used in pilot plant for investigation of lead and cadmium removal at three concentration of 0.1T 1 and 10 ppm. Each of filters has an internal diameter of 8 cm and a height of 120 cm with Plexiglas, which have a continuous flow operation.
The removal efficiency of turbidity by three typical filter bed, slag, and zeolite with initial turbidity of 13 NTU was 46%, 77%, and 89% respectively. Removal efficiency of lead without turbidity was 70.3%, 79%, and 59.8% respectively for 0.1 ppm lead. For 1 ppm, concentration of lead removal efficiency was 51.8%, 52.7% and 52.6% respectively and for 10 ppm it was 53.4%, 57.8%, and 59.8% respectively. Cadmium removal for these media was 23.4%, 37.5%, and 59.4% respectively at 0.1 ppm cadmium. At 1 ppm of cadmium concentration, it was 37.9%, 45% and 41.3% respectively and at 10 ppm concentration of cadmium it was 68.3%, 68.6% and 67% respectively.
Slag and zeolite beds are more efficiently than the conventional sand beds in the slow sand filter, so it can be used instead of the usual sand for removing lead and cadmium from resources water.

Fatigue phenomenon, as an important and unique of living creatures, is certainly experienced by the majority of human in their life. It may cause bad effect on the expected occupational performance of workers including weakness in judgment and decision making, forgetting the details, causes indifference to the essential items and loss of performance. This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of fatigue and its relationship with some demographic variables.
This present study, as a descriptive cross-sectional, was carried out in 2014, among the workers in the Yazd steel. A sample of 388 workers was selected by random cluster sampling method. A multi-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion/Recovery Scale were applied. Data were analyzed by SPSS19.
The result of this study showed that most of the subjects have experienced the moderate severity of chronic fatigue but in the intensity of acute fatigue was higher than chronic one. The prevalence of severe acute and chronic fatigue was 30.49% and 55.4%, respectively. There was significant relationship between the fatigue with job history and education level (PV=0.019).
The results of this study indicate the high incidence of fatigue in workers.

The prevalence of high blood pressure worldwide and Creation of serious complications in organs, the disease has become a major health problem in all societies that management of the disease appears to be very important. The present study aimed to determine predictive factors of high blood pressure in patients with hypertension, according to the health belief model.
This cross-sectional study was done on 135 patients over 30 years with high blood pressure in Kerman. Multi-stage sampling was performed. The patients were randomly enrolled in this study. Self-report questionnaires and interviews have been completed. Data collection tool was questionnaire of demographic factors, knowledge and health belief model. To analyze the data, SPSS version 15 statistical indicators and linear regression were used for data analysis.
The mean age 46.45 ± 10.47 years. Among the demographic variables, age and marital status had directly significant relationship related to the control of hypertension in people. Regression test between the constructs of self-efficacy, perceived benefits and cues to action showed a significant association with blood pressure.
The results showed that the mean score of health belief model structures investigated was moderate. It is Recommended that a detailed plan of training for blood pressure of patients based on Health Belief Model on self-efficacy, perceived benefits and cues for action that was strong predictor of blood pressure being done so in the long term we can avoid the complications of this disease.

Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of renal failure. High blood pressure, specially its glomerular type is one of the dominant factors in the development of nephropathy in diabetic patients. The present study evaluates the effects of Hibiscus Subdariffa on blood pressure and urinary albumin in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Current study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial on 41 patients with diabetic nephropathy (15 males, 26 females). Patients were divided in two randomly chosen groups. The first group received herbal supplements of Hibiscus Subdariffa (tablets, 425 mg twice daily) while the other one received placebo. At baseline and at the end of an eighth weeks period, systolic, diastolic blood pressure and urinary albumin were measured.
At the end of the study period, Systolic blood pressure in the Hibiscus group dropped of 135 to 119.5 compared to the baseline. The level of reduction was statistically significant (p The study showed that Hibiscus Subdariffa supplementation causes a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and urinary albumin. Thus, Hibiscus Subdariffa supplementation would be able to slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Hypertension is one of the most important non communicable diseases. Hypertension is often asymptomatic but can be easily diagnosed. If left untreated can lead to fatal complications.This study was designed to investigate the factors associated with Hypertension of over 30 year’s old rural population in Islamabad Gharb.
This cross sectional study conducted on 320 hypertensive cases which selected randomly. Data was collected by a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by experts. Its reliability was verified in pilot study. Data was analyzed by spss18 soft ware and appropriate tests such as chi- square and t-test.
Of 320 patients, 109 (%34) were male and 211 (%66) were female.
%81 of male and %82 of female were illiterate. %78 of studied population stated that they Consumes too much salt. Consumption of fish was very low but consumption of fruit and Vegetables was good (%96). Family histors of Hypertension in %74 of cases was positive. Frequency of Diabetes in patients was %12 and in women was 3 times more than men.
About %15 of men and %23 of women reported Hyperlipidemia and %8 of men and %13 of women reported renal disease.
In studied population Consumption of fish was very low and Consumption of salt was too much. Screening and face to face education of population is recommended for control of Hypertension in this area.

The high prevalence of hypertension all over the world and serious side effects is a major health problem in all societies. To reduce these effects, control of blood pressure is very important. Regular physical activity is one of the most effective strategies to reduce the risk of some noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular. The present study aimed to determine the effect of training of physical activity based on Trans-theoretical Model for controlling blood pressure.
In this semi-experimental study, 60 patients with high blood pressure were selected by sampling method and randomly divided into either control or interventional groups. The means of Data collection was multi-part questionnaire that was included demographic characteristics, stages of change questions and factors affecting the Trans-theoretical model and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form. Questionnaires completed for two groups and then educational intervention was done in the intervention group. After two months, questionnaires were completed for both groups again. Data were analyzed in SPSS and t-test and Chi-square were used according to the data distribution.
Statistical analysis didnt show a significant difference between the two groups before the education regarding their stages of change, Decisional balance, physical activity, blood pressure and processes of change (p Education and intervention based on Trance theoretical Model, results to physical activity behaviors promotion and reduce high blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Regular physical activity is one of the main factors in maintaining and improving health throughout life. International studies have shown that regular exercise can increase life expectancy and reduce morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the amount of physical activity in people with high blood pressure and comparing them with healthy people.
The present study was a case-control study on 160 people (80 patients with hypertension (case group) and 80 healthy individuals (control group)). People with normal blood pressure were in the case group and the control group (systolic 140 mmHg or above and diastolic 90 mmHg or above) were in the case group. Data were collected using a questionnaire with the simple random sampling. The first part of questionnaire included background characteristics and socio-economic status; the second part of the questionnaire measured physical activity level using international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis using SPSS/16.
•Assessment of physical activity in case and control groups showed that 13.8% of cases and 27.5% of controls had physical activity in the last week; this difference was statistically significant. Based on the results, the risk of hypertension in people without physical activity was 37.2 times more than the people who had physical activity in the last week. The results of logistic regression showed that physical activity, education level and income were effective factors on hypertension. The results showed that physical activity with moderate and severe levels have a protective effect against hypertension. Also, people with less income and less education had a greater chance of hypertension than others.
•The results indicated physical activity reduces the risk of hypertension. These findings emphasize the importance of improving the interventionist activities to improve the people's life style.

Colored Wastewater due to various environmental problems should be treated before discharge to the environment. Colors have many variety and different methods used for color wastewater treatment, the most widely methods that used is the absorption process by the low-cost adsorbent. To determine the isotherms and kinetics adsorption Process, absorption of methylene blue cationic dye as an indexed color were investigated by activated thermal power plant fly ash from of Zarand.
In this experimental study, raw fly ash during 5h, acid concentration 1.8M, acid to fly ash ratio 7 and temperature 29±2 ˚C was activated by sulfuric acid. After determining the optimal values of parameters in the absorption process (pH, contact time, concentration of adsorbent) isotherms Freundlich and Langmuir Type 1, 2, 3, 4 and Kinetics of first and second types1, 2, 3 and 4 and the separation factor was determined.
The activated fly ash removed 99.8% of methylene blue dye in concentration 50mg /L in optimal conditions (pH= 9, time: 30minutes, the adsorbent dose 3g /L). Process comply from second kinetics with R = 1 and Langmuir isotherm type1 with R = 0.997.
Since the separation factor and the adsorption is in the range between 0 and 1, therefore the absorption process is optimal. In conclusion, active fly ash, acts as a strong adsorbent in methylene blue dye adsorption and Isotherms and kinetics study of absorption process of this practice is confirmed.

Wastewaters resulting from seasonal processing such as pistachio processing industry are one of the most important factors of environmental pollution. High concentration of pollutants are the qualitative characteristics of wastewaters that due high consumption of water and energy resources as well as high levels production of waste have a good potential to realization of projects to reduce the environmental impacts and optimizing the consumption of energy resources.The aim of this study was to determine the wastewater̛ s quality and quantity of pistachio processing terminals.
this study is cross-sectional study that has been implemented from mid –September until late October (pistachio harvest season) in each of the years 2012-2013-2014 in Kerman.Firstely according to field study, the characteristics and location of 20 pistachio processing terminals were determined by a GPS device. Then 8 pistachio processing terminals were selected in around of wastewater collection system. Composite sampling method with total of 72 samples was done in each year during pistachio operation. Samples were conducted from pistachio processing wastewater screen filter outlet. In each of samples BOD5, COD, TSS, pH and Total phenolic were determined. Sampling and tests were done according to water and wastewater standard methods book (20th edition). Concentration of Phenolic compounds was measured by folin ciocaltive method. The Data was analyzed by SPSS software.
the average of total produced wastewater in pistachio processing terminals in this study was 85.9m3/d. The average BOD5, COD, TSS, Total phenolic and PH were 6106, 21570, 682, 4154 (mg/L) and 5.5 respectively.
The obtained results from raw wastewater of pistachio processing terminals showed they have high BOD and COD. This is caused by presentation of priority pollutants (phenolic compounds) which have high potential in pollution and toxicity for discharging any receiving resources.

Introduaction: Development of mushroom cultivation in Iran is considered and its production level is reached to Ninety tons per year. About five kg of waste is generated by producing one kilogram of button mushroom which can be refined by using vermicompost technology. This waste can be converted into valuable organic fertilizer and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and reach to sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to convert the button mushroom production process waste to manure and investigate the chemical properties and quality of the fertilizer.
Wastes such as rotten mushroom, spent mushroom compost and peat are generated in cultivation process of Button mushroom that is large amounts of waste, and say it (SMC). In this study, SMC was vermicomposted in optimized process with treatment of wood chips, rotten mushrooms, carrots scum and leaves. Quantitative and qualitative indicators and its changes have been studied during the six weeks and the results achieved were compared with the national standard vermicompost (No. 13724) and its quality was determined in final product. Then by Using SPSS software, Pearson correlation test at a significance level of 0.05 were used to examine the relationship between inorganic materials and changes in other parameters and linear regression test were used to find relationships between one variable and the other variables.
The results showed that the Total Organic Carbon (TOC), potassium and total nitrogen in all treatments, increased during the time, however, pH and EC levels decreased during the vermicomposting process. Also significant increase in C/N ratio was observed in all treatments at the end of the six weeks and all the fertilizers were classified as one grade.
Results of this research showed that vermicompost process Lead to improvement in indicators of organic fertilizers derived from vermicompost beds and is one of the management suitable methods for workshop wastes of button mushroom production that is a way to achieve sustainable agriculture.

Persecutors of aircraft noise at an airport has a close relationship with the alternate of landing and take-off weight of the aircraft and operations planning during the night. Now aircraft that spill in Yazd airport and take-off of aircraft is of jet engines or so-turbofan mean that the resulting sound will be very high.
In this descriptive, cross-sectional measurement of noise from aircraft traffic noise measuring station 7,The completed questionnaires to assess the effects of noise pollution in Yazd International Airport and the surrounding noise sensitive areas in 2014 by a portable audio device measurement is done.
The most amount of noise caused by aircraft traffic in the airport area and in adjacent areas with average noise level 84.8 dB at station No. 5 Regional Airport, located south of the airport, with an average noise level which was 75.5 dB. The results of analysis of questionnaires showed that 75 percent of people living in residential areas around the airport are being harassed by aircraft noise. Results indicate that, sleep disorders, nervousness, stress and mental illness and interfere with speech, regardless of the priority of different factors in the study area, are of the highest impact of aircraft noise.
Aircraft noise is the strongest negative environmental factors that affect employees and residents around Yazd International Airport and can be harmful to health. The noise for health personnel, particularly those of daily tasks, are daily exposed to aircraft intense noise , are highly undesirable. So, essentially preventive severe conditions such as mandatory use of protective devices and soundproof acoustic shortening service personnel are needed for these people.

Pharmaceutical wastes are in group of emerging contaminants. These materials cannot be removed completely with conventional treatment methods of water and wastewater. Drug and its metabolites, due to the potential risks toxic and toxicity potential to humans and environment should be removed from the water resources. In this study, Acetaminophen photo catalytic removal from aqueous solutions was investigated by X zeolite modified with TiO2 (TiO2/ X zeolite).
This study was experimental and carried out on a laboratory scale. To remove acetaminophen from aqueous solution, TiO2/X zeolite photo-catalyst under UV-C radiation (UV/TiO2-X process) was used. Acetaminophen concentration of soluble was measured using by spectrophotometer UV/Vis in λmax ~ 243nm. The optimal conditions of pH, catalyst dosage, acetaminophen initial concentration and reaction time were determined and also acetaminophen disintegration reaction kinetics was studied by TiO2-X catalyst. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics.
The results indicated that maximum removal of acetaminophen(95.45%) was related to 1 mg/L of initial concentration in the neutral pH and a catalyst concentration of 500 mg/L after 75min of start of photo-catalytic reaction. By decreasing concentration of acetaminophen its removal rates will increase. The Acetaminophen degradation kinetic with UV/TiO2-X process followed a pseudo-first order reaction with rate constants of 0.01446 min-1.
The Photocatalytic method of UV/TiO2-X to remove acetaminophen from aqueous solutions has a high efficiency and is recommended.

Dye effluents of some industries include many toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic compounds; therefore, colored contaminants of such industries should be carefully treated using an appropriate method before discharging wastewater to the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTS) as an effective adsorbent in removing Acid Black 1 (AB1) from colored wastewater.
This laboratory study was conducted in the batch system and MWCNTS was used as an adsorbent to remove AB1 dye. The effect of various factors influencing dye removal, such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, and pH investigated in this study.
The results showed that pH=3 was the best pH for dye removal and the equilibrium time for AB1 dye adsorption on MWCNTS was 60 minutes. As dye concentration increased, dye removal rate decreased. Besides, increasing the amount of adsorbent increased the dye removal efficiency and at the adsorbent dose of 600 mg/L, dye removal efficiency was 98.86% and 94.62% for 30 and 50 mg/L dye concentrations, respectively. Also, AB1 dye removal followed Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models.
The results of adsorption studies showed that by increasing the contact time and the adsorbent dose and reducing the pH, dye removal efficiency was also increased. In addition, MWCNTS could be used as an efficient adsorbent for decolorization of azo dyes from wastewater.

A variety of pesticides is used to combat weeds. Check-resistant residues of contaminants in drinking water resources have detrimental effects on human health and on environment. In recent years, advanced oxidation methods o remove toxins from the environment, particularly the aquatic environment is further considered.
In this study, samples adding different concentrations (mg/L10, 20, 30) of pesticides were prepared in deionized water. Specimens of the individual phases in a batch reactor with the catalyst (g / L 1 ,2, 3 and, 4), pH (3,5, 7, 9, 11) and contact time (60, 120, 180, 240 min) exposure contacts coupled Ag / ZnO and UV-c was performed.
The results showed a reduction in pesticide concentrations (2, 4-D) and increasing the reaction time, the degradation efficiency increases. The highest degradation efficiency was for 240 minutes and the initial concentration of toxin was (2, 4-D) 10 mg/L to 96 percent. The kinetics of the elimination of toxins (2, 4-D) by the process of photocatalytic Ag / ZnO in the presence of UV-C light corresponded to the pseudo first.
The most effective degradation of toxins (2, 4-D) by the process of photocatalytic Ag / ZnO under conditions of neutral pH and with increasing reaction time and reduce toxin concentrations (2, 4-D) is the result.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of childbearing age. The prevalence is about 4-15 per­­ cent. Disease present with menstrual disorders, hirsutism, acne, obesity and associated metabolic complications in the long term and the quality of life of patients is affected. The aim of this study was to prioritize the problems of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome to improve the quality of life.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 70 women with polycystic ovary syndrome Referred to the Baghai poor clinic in Yazd. Polycystic ovary syndrome questionnaire was used to collect information.
Mean scores in order from less to more include menstrual disorders (57.6), weight (63.06), infertility (68.77), emotional (68.9) and hirsutism (72.6). The mean age was 29.03±6.14 and the mean BMI was 28.3±5.6. More than 70 percent had BMI higher than 25. Among the demographics data, age, marital status, education level, income level and employment status did not affect any of the areas. Weight is predictive of weight area and the child is predictive of infertility area.
Considering the profound impact of the disease on various aspects of health, further studies to investigate the relationship between symptoms and treatments on quality of life and planning to increase the quality of life of people is necessary.

There have been various problems toward farmers health associated with unscientific use of pesticide in developing countries including Iran. Considering of the nature of biocides, negative impacts of pesticides are inevitable, therefore the promotion of awareness of workers for prevention of diseases is important. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of HBM in promoting Preventive behaviors of pesticide exposure.
In this study, as an interventional research, two groups128 workers (54 intervention and 54 control groups) were randomly selected from Baiaz (control region) and Aminshahr (intervention region). The intervention group was participated in two health education sessions based on components of health belief model. Data was collected before training and 2months after training by interview using a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of different parts of questionnaire were proved during the pilot study. Data was analyzed using SPSS18 software.
The comparisons of the demographic characteristics between the intervention and control groups were not significantly different. The results of this study showed a significant increase in the mean scores of knowledge (P=0.002) and HBM components (P=0.000), and also the mean score of Preventive behaviors increased after intervention (P=0.000).
The results of this study indicated that the HBM model confirmed the efficiency of HBM in adopting Preventive behaviors of pesticide exposure affective and the comprehensive intervention strategy is necessary for promotion of safe behaviors exposure.

Oral health is one of the most important issues affecting public health. Regarding the high prevalence of dental decay and the high cost of treatment and the direct role of students in preventing dental decay, it is necessary for the students to acquire suitable knowledge, attitude and practice about oral health. Regarding lack of studies in this area, the study aimed to determine knowledge, attitude, practice and oral health status of high school students in Yazd.
The cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 male high school students in Yazd city who were selected by cluster random sampling. Data collection tool included two questionnaires; the first was a valid and reliable researcher designed questionnaire which had four part of demographic information, knowledge, attitude and practice and the second one was self reported oral health questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software 21 and via description and analytical tests of T-test, ANOVA and correlation coefficient.
Mean score of student's knowledge about oral health was 6.38± 2.07 out of 19, and their mean score of attitude was 40.03± 5.35 in range of 10-50 and mean score of practice was 13.28± 4/09 out of 28. The most reported practice was using toothpaste in brushing and the lowest reported behavior was using antibacterial mouth wash. Mean score of self-reported oral health was 43.05± 5.19 out of 57. There was a significantly positive correlation between knowledge, attitude, practice and self-reported oral health.
Due to insufficient awareness of school children about their oral health as well as lower performance levels , especially in cases such as the use of antibacterial mouthwash and fluoride-containing , brushing after each meal and sweets, providing educational programs in order to increase students knowledge and function about oral health, particularly in the areas above seem to be necessary.

The present study aimed to explore the impact of preventive dimensions of a dentistry education program on the behavior, oral hygiene, and gingival health of a group of dentistry students of Yazd province.
51 junior and senior dentistry students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were asked to fill in the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI). Also, clinical examinations to assess Gingival Bleeding Index and Oleary Index were conducted.
Comparison of junior and senior participants’ responses to the HU-DBI items indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups on items 1, 8, 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, and 21. While the senior group showed lower Gingival Bleeding and Oleary indexes in comparison to its junior counterpart, the junior group showed a higher HU-DBI mean score in comparison to the junior group. Furthermore, participants with higher HU-DBI mean scores were found to show lower Gingival Bleeding and Oleary indexes.
Findings of the study indicate that junior dentistry students, in comparison to senior ones, had better gingival health and oral hygiene.

Drug abuse and addiction is expanding and is not restricted to a specific social class and age in Iran. Students as a talented and chosen group and are community creators in country. Therefore detection of related factors on the prevention of drug abuse in these people is necessary. One of the most effective and comprehensive explanation of the relationship between attitudes and behavior is Theory of Planned Behavior. This study was conducted by aimed to determine predictors of drug abuse in Yazd University of Medical Sciences students, based on the theory of planned behavior.
This cross-sectional study was performed by simple randomized sampling among 120 students of Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tool was a researcher made questionnaire in self report, consisted of two parts, 31 demographic and background questions and items relating to the theory of planned behavior consisted, attitude 10 items (α=0.83) score range 10-50, subjective norms 4 items (α=0.75) score range 4-20, perceived behavioral control 2 items (α=0.81) scores range 2-10 and behavioral intention 4 items (α=0.89) score range was 4-20. Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 and with the help of descriptive statistics and analytical tests such as independent T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis at α=0.05.
The average age of participants was 23.49 ±3.27 with range of 18-35 years. 73.3 percent were female and 26.7 percent were male. 8.3 percent had smoking history and 6.7 percent had a history of drug abuse. The attitude score mean respectively were 24.8±6.15, subjective norms 11.10±2.52, perceived behavioral control 6.85±1.86, and behavioral intention 10.95±3.35. Women attitudes (p=0.016) and behavioral intention (p=0.013) in substance use were more positive than men. Married subjective norms (p=0.04) behavioral intention (p=0.042) in substance use were higher than single. Attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral intention had a direct significant relationship and with perceived behavioral control had an inverse significant relationship. Attitudes and subjective norms were predicted respectively 35 and 39 percent of the variance participant's behavioral intentions regarding drug abuse.
Attitudes, Persuasive subjective norms, positive behavioral intention toward drug abuse were in middle level and perceived behavioral control in the absence of drug abuse was in the upper-middle level among the students. Considering that attitude and subjective norms were good predictors on behavioral intention, Therefore, the implementation of a training program tailored to the theory, is emphasized.

Cancers are one of the most common causes of death at age groups above 50 years old that Life style modification has an important role in prevention of them. Diets are the most important factor at the risk of gastric cancer. The aim of present study was explanation of the Experiences of Patients´ Close Relatives with Risk Factors of Gastric Cancer and Health-Therapeutic Personnel from the Determinants of Nutritional Behaviors based on protection motivation theory.
The present qualitative study was done with content analysis method application at Babol health-therapeutic centers covered by Babol University of Medical Sciences for eight months in 2013.
semi-structure d face to face interview were used to collect the data with 9 participants from Patients´ Close Relatives with Risk Factors of Gastric Cancer and 19 participants from Health-Therapeutic Personnel. Data analysis and collection were simultaneously done by using the method of theory-based (directed or conductive) content analysis.
From data analysis 487initial codes and after integration,186 main codes were extracted .This codes were pasted at 2 pre-determined categories and 7 pre-determined sub-categories related to protection motivation theory(perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, reward, fear, perceived response-efficacy, self-efficacy and perceived cost-benefit). The most main perceived problem, was the low level of awareness, attitude and practice at people about nutritional risk factors related to gastric cancer and a result the low level of disease fear.
The findings of present study are the indicator of effective determinants on nutritional behaviors that can help to health-therapeutic policy –makers to provide and approve the most appropriate solutions and strategies with aim of changing these determinants in order to reduce nutritional risk factors related to gastric cancer.

Otitis media is one of the most common infections in children. The highest incidence is in children less than two years old. The complication of otitis media includes hearing problems, long-term and irreversible damage to the middle ear and the cochlea, reduction of IQ and speech problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic treatment of chronic otitis media, based on health belief model in mothers with children less than two years, in the city of Yazd.
This cross sectional study, which was conducted in 93-1392, was done on 132 mothers with children less than two years old and was randomly selected from 6 centers among 15 Centers And by selecting 22 mothers from each center. Data were randomly collected by questionnaire, and were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Independent sample T-test for checking significance of correlations between scores and demographic variables used to construct the correlation coefficient between scores of the structures were determined by the Spearman test.
The results showed that only 4.5% of the knowledge and only 9.1% practice tips were desired. Perceived severity, perceived barriers and perceived benefits were reported to be desired in 92.4%, 81.1% and 94.7% of cases, respectively. There was direct correlation between interests with self-efficacy and perceived susceptibility, severity, knowledge and behavior. Also, there was direct correlation between the severity of barriers with and between self-efficacy and barriers to behavior and sensitivity. Between maternal age and the severity of interests and between the number of children significant relationship was observed. And the child's history of ear infection was a significant inverse correlation with practice tips.
Appears due to the amount obtained from structures and low scores maternal knowledge and considering the high incidence of ear infections in children under 2 years of educational programs to raise awareness of maternal and improve preventive behaviors of middle ear infections be useful.

Eating disorder is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders that cause various problems for physical health, psychological functioning and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and determine the association between eating disorder and depression among medical students of Free University of Yazd, Iran in 2013.
In a descriptive study, a total of 400 medical students were selected via convenient sampling. Students were assessed by 2 questionnaires: Eat-26 and Beck. The data was analyzed using chi square, fisher exact and ANOVA tests.
According to the results,7/5% of students suffered from eating disorder , 25/8% from moderate, and 22% from severe depression. The relative frequency of eating among the participants according to age, gender, state of residence, and marital status were identical. However there was a significant correlation between the relative prevalence of eating disorder and depression severity among the medical students.
The findings of the present study imply that eating disorder had a significant association with severity of depression. Thus, educating of medical students by consulting centers can be effective for early diagnosis and treatment.

Aflatoxins are usually produced from Aspergillus Flavus and Aspergillus Parasiticus. This toxin is found in the most of foods, such as rice. The aim of this study was to survey the relation between rice consumption with Aflatoxin M1 excretion rate in women of Yazd using biomarkers.
This was a cross sectional-descriptive study that was done in 2014. Eighty five women were selected among women who referred to health centers of Yazd. ELISA method was used to measure Aflatoxin M1 in urine samples.
The results show that from total number of 85 women, 94% were excreted Aflatoxin M1. There was a significant difference between rice consumption (p=0.015) and type of consumed rice (p= 0.023) with excretion of Aflatoxin M1.
According to the results it can be concluded that with increasing rice consumption, daily intake of Aflatoxin increases. Therefore the amount of Aflatoxin in rice consumption by women of Yazd is high and a lot of people are exposed to high concentration of Aflatoxin and health hazards related to it.

Ectopic pregnancy is a public health problem and their risk factors are unknown. This study was performed to identify risk factors for better diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
A case-control study on 195 cases of ectopic pregnancy (Case group) and 197 normal pregnancies (control group) were performed in Shahid Sadoughi and mother hospitals in Yazd city as representatives of public and private sectors. Cases of control group were pregnant women who entered immediately before and after the cases for delivery (normal or cesarean).
The mean age was 28.2±5.6, ranged from 14 to 45, and marriage age varied from 12 to 33 years. There was no significant difference between cases and controls according to body mass index (P=0.72). Inunivariate analysis, history of infertility (OR: 3.18, 95% CI= 1.9-5.2, P= 0.001), history of infections (OR: 1.67, 95% CI= 1.10-2.53, P= 0.01), use of intrauterine device (IUD) (OR:2.78, 95% CI= 1.08-7.16, P= 0.03) and tobacco smoking (OR: 2.96, 95% CI= 1.21-7.21, P= 0.01) were determined as risk factors for ectopic pregnancy.
This study demonstrates that history of infertility; use of IUD and oral contraceptive use are associated with ectopic pregnancy.

Cancer is the third leading cause of death in the world. About 70% of deaths due to cancer occur in countries with low socio-economic status. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iranian women and present information show an increase in the annual incidence rate of breast cancer among them and reduces the age of onset of this disease.
In this case-control study, 150 cases of women with breast cancer and 150 of healthy ones (controls) were selected and examined. Factors of socioeconomic and reproductive were studied. . Data collection was conducted through interview. Association of various kinds of risk factors with breast cancer was studied using χ2, odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals through both the univariate and multivariate analysis.
The findings based on univariate analysis showed that education, occupation, spouse's job, income, history of breast disease, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly associated with breast cancer. After entering the significant variables in the multiple logistic regression model, age at first live birth (OR = 5.04), income (OR = 3.92) and BMI (BMI> = 30) (OR = 3.84) remained significant.
Note that in this study, lower income, delays in the birth of the first child and obesity were the major risk factors for breast cancer. Therefore women with these risk factors are recommended to take care for the prevention and early detection.

University students in a society, form an active and vast group whose social and mental health is affected by different factors and is prone to social risks and defects. This study tries to evaluate the relationship between the social capital and its triple dimensions (subjective cultural capital, objective cultural capital, characteristic cultural capital) in Bourdio theory and the level of risky behaviors (including tendency to drugs and addictives, cigarettes, alcohol, harmful relationship with opposite gender and dangerous driving) in Yazd university students.
This study is a field descriptive study and its type is covariance. The survey tool used in this study is cultural capital and risky behavior questionnaire and students were selected using symmetric level sampling. This study was performed on 384 students in bachelor degree in university of Yazd. They were selected using symmetric classification method with the society size and randomly. The gathered data was analyzed using Amos, SPSS19.
Findings of the study revealed that there is a meaningful negative relationship between the cultural capital and Yazd university students presenting risky behavior and between the triple dimensions of the cultural capital, there is a meaningful negative relationship between the characteristic and objective capitals and presentation of risky behavior; risky behavior is observed in male more than female. There is also a meaningful negative relationship between cultural capital and risky behavior except for tendency toward violence.
Results showed that with rising the cultural level and the society cultural capital, specially the objective and characteristic cultural capital By increasing the level of study, internet usage and learning foreign languages and endeavor to get higher degrees in education, techniques and cultural and art licenses, we could expect to low the level of risky behavior in youth and adolescents in the society and this can be helpful for corresponding undertakers.

Chronic back pain is a prevalent health problem in nursing job. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of interventional education based on psychological factors among nurses suffering from chronic low back pain.
This study is a quasi-experimental research. The population of this study consisted of 84 nurses suffering from chronic back pain and working in Valiasser hospital in Tehran.The recruited nurses were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control (each 42 individuals). Three scales of pain assessment, mental health and quality of life were used to collect data at beginning of the study and three months after educational. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Totally 82 nurses (each group with 42 nurses) with mean age of 32 and 31.5 years in intervention and control group took part in the study. Two groups were not significantly different before intervention (P> 0/05). After the intervention in comparison with before, the mean scores of vitality were improved from 64/64 to 77/26, mental health from 70/28 to 80/95, role limitations due to emotional problems from 64/28 to 87/30 and social performance from 69/64 to 85/11 indicating a significant effect of education (P According to the findings of this study educational interventions based on psychological factors could improve back pain and increase mental health in nurses.

Skin cancer is regarded as the most common cancer in most countries, whose most important risk factor is exposure to sunlight. Since prevention programs demand to be held in this regard in childhood and adolescence, this study aimed to determine the Knowledge, attitude, and performance of secondary school female students towards skin cancer and sun protection behaviors in Yazd.
This cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted on 513 secondary school female students, who were selected using a stratified sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that its reliability was confirmed in Mazloomy's study via Cronbach alpha (0.81). Moreover, the study data were analyzed by descriptive statistics as well as analytic statistics using SPSS software (ver. 11.5).
Mean age of participants was 15/88±1/04 years. Mean and standard deviation scores of knowledge, attitude, performance were reported 12.19 ± 5.44 (total core= 37), 18.98 ± 2.26 (total core= 24) and 7.47 ± 2/51 (total core= 16) respectively. Using sunscreen (71.5%) was introduced as the most prevalent sun protection behavior. A significant correlation was observed between knowledge and attitude (r= 0.350, p=0.000), as well as performance(r= 0.264, p=0.000) and age (r= 0.134, p=0.010).
As the study findings revealed, lack of knowledge as well as undesirable sun protection behaviors except for using sunscreen supported the need to conduct school-based educational intervention.

There are evidences that show the effect of vitamin D on obesity. The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is under review. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation along with a low caloric diet on liver enzymes and anthropometric parameters in NAFLD patients.
This study is a randomized clinical trial involved 80 NAFLD patients with vitamin D deficiency. Both groups used vitamin D or placebo for 12 weeks, one time a week. Liver enzymes, ultrasound of the liver and bile ducts and anthropometric parameters were measured before and after intervention.
The study was completed by 73 subjects. After 12 weeks, liver enzymes and the degree of fatty liver in the intervention group compared with the placebo group were significantly decreased (P Vitamin D supplementation along with a low calorie diet in NAFLD patients with hypovitaminosis D significantly effect on anthropometric factors decrease and liver enzymes and the degree fatty liver improvement.

Nowadays the consumption of meat and animal carcasses in most countries is increasing. Regarding to economic values ​​of meat, usage of unauthorized tissues in minced meat by jobbers is probable. Therefore; the present study was performed in order to detect unauthorized tissues in minced meat.
In this study, a total of 20 samples of trade frozen minced meat was purchased from various stores in Yazd city.Then each sample was divided into three parts and then one piece was taken from each part. The tissues were fixed in 10 % neutral-buffered formalin and were routinely processed for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into 6 µm sections and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histological study.
The skeletal muscle tissues were visible clearly in all samples. Although, connective tissue, adipose tissue and smooth muscle were seen but unauthorized tissues were not detected in any sample. Just in one sample, the residuals of the skin tissue was showed and in another sample , possessed bone tissue and in half of the samples the residuals of visceral organs were seen. In addition, some sections of the ligament were found.
The present study showed that the meat which has been used in preparation of this product had not premium quality. Due to importance of health and quality of meat, detection of unauthorized tissues in this product with histological technique is suggested.

duction: Due to the increasing use of irradiation in food safety as an efficient and supplement method, it is needed to investigate effects of this new technology on the apparent and organoleptic characteristics of different products. Because primarily thing that attracts the attention of the customer to buy a food product is its appearance characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electron beam irradiation on traditional ice cream.
Ice cream samples were shopped in the city and were moved to the laboratory in defined conditions into the cool box to keep sample frozen. In keeping with freezing conditions, samples were irradiated by electron beam in -18AWT IMAGEat doses of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 kGy. And after one week of storage at -18℃, physicochemical tests including moisture, fat, sugar, pH and sensory tests including color, odor, taste and overall acceptability, were done on it.
Results showed that there was no significant difference between irradiated and non-irradiated in the amount of sugar, fat and pH. However, it can be seen significant differences in the moisture content measured in the treated samples with electron beam and untreated one (p According to the result, it can be concluded that the maximum recommended dose is 2 kGy for irradiation traditional ice cream product and higher doses caused a decline in quality of product.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a highly toxic compound which is stable during milk processing, and Storage. Hence, it may be found as contaminant in milk and dairy products with hazardous effects for human beings. In this regard, several studies have demonstrated the potential of process to remove Aflatoxin M1 from dairy product. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the ability commercial kashk making to reduce Aflatoxin M1 artificially contaminated milk using a natural process of kashk making.
In this study the commercial cheese from cow's milk (skim milk) which was contaminated artificially at a level of 0.25 micrograms per liter of aflatoxin M1 was produced at three replications, and the effects of kashk making process on the AFM1 contents were investigated. The HPLC method was used to determine the presence and levels of AFM1.
In the commercial kashk production in same concentration between initial milk and commercial kashk caused losses of AFM1 about 91%. These losses were found to be statistically significant (P The results of this work demonstrate that the processing of commercial kashk could help to reduce harmful effects of AFM1 humans through consumption of contaminated milk or dairy products.

Aflatoxins are of the highly toxic metabolites, produced by different species of aspergillums causing Immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects. The major aim of this study is to evaluate the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk in Yazd in summer and winter 2013.
This is a cross-sectional study. During summer and winter 2013, samples from 80 mothers referring to health centers of Yazd were obtained. ELISA was used to measure aflatoxin M1.
From total number of 80 samples, 6 cases (7.5%) were contaminated with aflatoxin M1. Contamination rate was significantly higher in winter comparing to summer (P0.05).
According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that to reduce the risk of aflatoxin, it is necessary to educate the woman living in Yazd to sources of this toxin.

Aflatoxin leads to liver cancer, its removal in the foodstuff is very important. The aim of this study is to investigate the adsorption of aflatoxin B1 by nanocellulose conjugated with aptamer in acidic, alkali, and neutral conditions.
First, nanocellulose was synthesized by acid hydrolysis and then conjugated with aptamer by cross-linker. Then, serial concentrations of conjugated nanocellulose (0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were separately mixed with aflatoxin solution (1000µg/mL), and incubated at 37 °C for 0.5 h at pH of 1, 7, and 13. Then, the percentage of aflatoxin adsorption was measured at 340 nm.
The decrease of pH led to increase of adsorption up to 40%. Statistically, there was significant difference between the quantity of adsorption at acidic condition and the quantity of adsorption at alkali and neutral conditions (P Aflatoxin could be adsorbed by conjugated nanocellulose, and this power of adsorption is increased at acidic condition.

People affected by natural disasters like flood or earthquakes and also athletes like mountain climbers and also sailors who continuously go to jungles or deserts, might get into trouble in the nature and need help to get back to their home and therefore, they might need high energy supplements to keep them alive up to the time they find a food source. The goal of this study was to design and make these laboratory prototypes of high energy tablets.
For making tablets 15 different formulations were designed and made in the laboratory and then were tested to be suit. We objected to design formulations that could provide at least 20 kcal per each tab and amount of daily protein (about 25 grams), Tablets were design to provide not only the minimum energy needed but also the minimum protein needs and daily requirements of some vitamins and minerals of a healthy male adult.
Laboratory samples of 5 gram high energy (21 Kcal) were produced. The best formulation that had the capacity to be converted into tablets consisted of olive oil (16%), maltodextrin (36%), high biological value protein powder (25%), sesame seed (17%) and wheat germ (6%). 25 tablets should be taken each day which provides 525 kcal energy, 25g protein and different vitamins and minerals, daily; therefore, they will provide the minimum energy needs for at least 10 days if provided in 1.2 kg packs.
The production of high energy tab rations can provide minimum energy needs for at least 7 days for athletes, tourists and people who face natural disasters when there is no access to any other food resources because they occupy the minimum volume and their production is accessible in Iran.

Since the early 90s, the concept of human development were proposed as one of the development evaluation criteria, improving community health, which constituted an essential component of this development, the challenge for governments grew. This study was conducted to determine the level of health development of Yazd province in 2013, using the techniques numerical taxonomy.
This descriptive study was to assess the health indicators in the 10 township of Yazd province in 2013. Required data were collected based on experts opinion and referring to the deputies of Hygiene, Treatment, Management and Resource Development, Food and Drug Administration of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Province Health Center, Yazd province Statistics Center, Welfare Organization of Yazd province and were analyzed with AHP techniques and numerical taxonomy.
Mehriz and Abarkooh were the richest and most deprived townships, with degree of development of 0.474 and 0.987 and Bafgh, Yazd, Ardakan, Meybod, Taft, Bahabad, Saduq and Khatam, fall between them, respectively.
There is difference and gap in the development of health, between townships of Yazd province, there is hope that the national and provincial authorities in the allocation of health facilities to each of the township of Yazd, plan and act based on the rate of development of the township.

Spirituality in the workplace, improves performance, satisfaction, motivation among employees and increases productivity in organization. On the other hand, working over load that is called Workaholism, lead to organization goals. This study examined the relationship between organizational spirituality and Workaholism.
This Study was a descriptive, correlation and cross-sectional study conducted in 2014. Research population, were all nurses at teaching hospitals in Yazd which 170 of them were selected through stratified and systematic sampling. In order to collect data, 2 valid Questionnaires including Miliman organizational Spirituality and Spans and robins workaholism questionnaire, were used. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software and t-test, Chi-square Pearson’s correlation coefficient statistical tests.
Organizational spirituality score mean was 62.72 and workaholism score mean was 70.08. Based on the findings of study, organizational spirituality has a statistical positive relationship with workaholism.
Based on the findings of this study Organizational spirituality is of an affective variables on the Workaholism.Therefore, organizations Policy makers, can operate maximum potency of employees taking advantage of spirituality to achieve organizational goals. Also, they can consider some appropriate strategies toward health of their employees with Workaholism.

In Total Quality Management, Quality is not only an admirable phenomenon but also is a customer inalienable right and will be created through the involvement and participation of all employees, managers and customers of an organization. This study was designed to evaluate staff attitudes in teaching hospitals of Yazd in the field of Total Quality Management by using fuzzy logic.
This was a descriptive, analytical, cross – sectional study. Research population, were all staff in teaching hospitals of Yazd that among them 235 people were randomly Stratified, selected and studied. Data for this study were collected through a questionnaire. Since the theory of fuzzy is more suitable approach for measuring linguistic variables, so this paper determines the attitude of staff in the field of Quality Management by the use of fuzzy logic.
Results showed that the dimensions of the “Identification and training of staff," "empowerment and teamwork of Employees" and "support and leadership of the top management organization" respectively ranked first, second and third importance In terms of staff.
Criteria of identification and training of staff and teamwork and support and leadership of the top management organization are Important in motivating Total Quality Management. So in total quality management improve programs, these aspects should be prioritized according to the degree of importance and effort to improve the quality of service.

Various factors affect the health of both mother and fetus which maternal nutrition is one of them. Weight gain in pregnancy is one of the valid criteria for assessing nutritional status. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between weight gain in pregnancy and birth weight in Yazd city.
This was a cross-sectional study. Data of 200 pregnant women 16 to 40 years that referred to health centers of Yazd were studied.low birth weight and normal weight in infants were considered less than 2500 gr and more than 2500 gr, respectively. Data were analyzed through SPSS 16 software.
The Mean age of the study was 26.65 years. Weight gain during pregnancy was 12/39 kg. The mean birth weight was 3147 gr of which 7.5 percent (n = 15) LBW and 92/5 percent (185 patients) had normal weight. Mean of BMI was 24.08 kg/m2 in study group. The correlation between maternal weight gain during pregnancy and birth weight was not significant.
birth weight may be affected by other factors such as general and mental health of the mother and number of pregnancies, so by identifying these factors more careness than of pregnant women can be taken.

Nowadays rapid and widespread urbanism put people health in danger and led to health in global and general conferences and actualization methods like healthy city project in many cities. The aim of this study is evaluation of healthy city indicators (health, environmental and social-economical) in Kerman city in 2012.
This study is a mix method (qualitative-quantitative) which for qualitative method, data collection was through documents and survey in Kerman city. We also used quantitative methods and SPSS software and statistical tests such as correlation rate, Anova test and independent-sample T-test for measuring people participation on health issues.
Results show that only 3 out of 8 in the following health sub indicators include: mortality of children under one year ,the rate of low birth weight and immunization coverage of children under one years old, were according to standards .from social and economic indicators just house quality and abortion rate were according to national standards and finally two cases of water quality and garbage collection were accordance standards .also other findings about tendency of residents for participation in individual and social health show that about 87% are apt to participate and their age or sex don’t affect on their participation but more educated people have more tendency to participation.
Generally the situation of Kerman city is undesirable but their residents are apt for their individual and environmental health situation improvement.

In recent years, due to the prevalence of overweight, obesity and heart disease in community and its relationship with the increasing amount of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol in the diet, production of functional food by reducing saturated fat and cholesterol using soybean has been taken into consideration. The use of soybean-derived products is cost effective and healthy for people due to absence of cholesterol and lactose, and presence of isoflavonoids and unsaturated essential fatty acids. The present study has evaluated the chemical and sensory properties of functional Pre cheese made ​​from a mixture of cow’s milk and soy milk with different ratios.
In this experimental study, soymilk at5 levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and calcium chloride 0.4% were mixed with cow’s milk and used for preparation of primary cheese. Chemical and sensory characteristics of the samples were determined according to national standards. The results were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and by statistical software MinitabVersion16. The data were compared according to Duncan’s multiple-range test.
The results showed that with increasing substitution of soy milk, protein, fat, dry matter, un saturated fatty acids(oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids), and the tissue score of the produced cheese increased and the amount of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, and the flavor and color scores of the samples decreased in comparison with the control sample. The sample containing84.6% cow’s milk, 15% soy milk, and 0.4% calcium chloride had more appropriate chemical and more acceptable sensory characteristics compared to the other samples.
By selection of a proper substitution ratio of soy milk with cow’s milk, good quality and healthy cheese can be produced as a functional food for feeding people, especially the elderly.

At the beginning of the new century, organizations working in the field of healthcare, always felt the need of radical change and creativity work. Nowadays a new style of leadership as transformational leadership is considered, this style affects the employee careers to enhance their abilities, and thereby to create positive changes in the personnel to do things better and to strengthen and enhance the ability of employees to learn. In other hand, the concept of job involvement is also an organization important issue in which refers to psychological degree of the current jobs of the person. The purpose of this study was survey The Relationship between dimensions of Transformational leadership and Job Involvement From managers View In teaching hospitals of Yazd in 2013.
This study was descriptive- analytic. The study population consisted of all managers (Senior, middle, operational) of the teaching hospitals (Shahid Sadoughi, Rahnemon, Afshar, crashes and burns), Due to the limited number of general research community, they underwent all in the statistical population (N = 180). Data was collected by transformational leadership Questionnaire from the view of bass & olive managers and Job Involvement Questionnaire of Thomas and Data was analyzed by SPSS18.
Findings show that Between the transformational leadership and four dimension (intellectual persuasion, inspirational motivation, idealized influence, individualized consideration)with job involvement in four hospitals with p =./01 and r=./289 , there is a significant and positive relationship.
Transformational leadership in hospitals has led to the creation of positive changes in employee performance for better work and to improve learning and increase the ability of employees.