مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1391)

With regard to the increasing facilities of life such as land, sea, and air transportation vehicles, and an increase in people’s free time, income, and age, people, today, like to spend their time on touring and traveling more than any time in the past. Villages in Northern Iran were a destination for travelers. Rural houses are important elements of developing rural tourism. The main objective of present research is to study and investigate on mountainous and hilly villages located in Western Mazandaran because traditional houses enjoy an exclusively architectural buildings derived from villagers’ traditions and cultures followed by naturalistic characteristics of the region in question.
Regarding the main question, “What is the role of traditional houses in mountainous and hilly villages, as important elements of villages’ economic survival and cultural identity, in rural sustainable development in Western Mazandaran?” and the subjects and objectives of the research, the following hypotheses were proposed:-Rural tourism activities can promote villagers’ economy as a supplementary income.
-Using natural attractions and with various uses, traditional houses in mountainous and hilly villages can be influential in attracting tourists and developing tourism in the region in question.
-Tourism can decrease the rate of migration and stabilize population in the regions in question.
-Creating a tourism village can develop rural tourism in addition to preserving the traditional identity and culture of villages in the regions in question.
Descriptive-analytic method has been utilized in this research along with documentary, library and field studies. Tools such as tables, pictures, interviews, and questionnaires have also been utilized. The data collected are analyzed and concluded by test and SPSS software.
Findings and The area of question in this research is located in Western Mazandaran. This region is from 50 degrees and 35 minutes to 50 degrees and 45 minutes of eastern longitudes and from 36 degrees and 30 minutes to 36 degrees and 40 minutes of northern latitudes that includes the cities of Ramsar and Tonekabon.
The subject population of the study consists of families living in mountainous and hilly villages of Ramsar and Tonekabon, tourists, managers, and experts of organizations and institutions related to villages of the region. 20 villages (6 hilly and 14 mountainous) out of total 274 villages in the region were randomly chosen as sample population. Out of 1478 families in 20 villages, 307 families were chosen. Since there is no clear-cut figure of tourists, 384 samples were selected using Chokran formula and Morgan Table. Finally, Due to the limited number of managers and experts, all of them were chosen.
-The number of houses in the villages under study was 304. 89, 105, and 110 houses had 29 percent of Darvarchin, 35 percent of Zigameh, and 36 percent of new building materials, respectively. Thus, 64 percent of total houses in the study region was traditional.
-One of the basic differences between local and new houses lies in their function regarding their pattern change, reduction of areas under construction, change in village tissue, etc. The most important developments made in housing and the function changes followed by them include the type and pattern of houses, building materials, change in the size and cost of building houses.
-Studies and tests carried out on the variables among villagers and authorities all indicate that regarding the traditional economy of living in the region under study, tourism activities can act as a complementary source of income and promote economic abilities of villagers. Tourism has been able to activate other economic parts that resulted in job creation and economic development.
-Studies reveal that since tourists are strange people that travel to villages based on their curiosity to see natural landscapes and know the customs and traditions of the regions, rural social values, cultural and folkloric elements can affect the attraction of tourists. With regard to the functional quality and meeting the human needs, rural houses have been able to make tourists choose them for stays instead of other places such as hostels, inns, tents, etc.
-Survey conducted indicate that increase in the income resulted from selling land, controlled building constructions, house renting, and providing tourists with services and facilities have caused the villagers to buy house in cities and consider their village houses as the second dwelling places.
-Traditional houses, their method of architecture besides natural attractions and landscapes have gained tourists attentions. A lot number of tourists prefer traditional and new houses to hotels and inns for stays in villages. Therefore, creation of tourism village can cause rural tourism in addition to the preservation of traditional culture.
-Establishing an ecomusium ( tourism village) as a suitable place for introducing culture and preserving cultural values of villages of the region, participation of executive institutions in expanding tourism industry, creation of daily and weekly markets for villagers’ handicrafts and other rural products, revival and development of infrastructures and installations of tourism industry , educating village managers and planners, and attending to rural industry, and principles of environmentally sustainable development to reduce environmental crisis are among the strategies to achieve sustainable development of rural tourism.

Housing is one of the most important sectors of development in a society that with wide economical, social, bioenvironmental and body aspects has wide range of effects on providing health and face of community. Meanwhile, what has direct effect on the quality and quantity of housing is the economical-social features that will be a real reflection of the quality and comfort of people’s life. But today with the growth of population and development of citizenship, major problems such as the appearance of slums that are world symbols in recognizing that face and unsuitable houses have become the problem of many cities especially in developing countries. The major shortages that these days these neighborhoods in different social, body, health and especially economical are facing have caused that the houses of the residents of these neighborhoods, which should be the sanctuary, shelter, personal space and a place for relaxing for a man, are in unsuitable conditions. Therefore, the writers of the present paper, with the knowledge of the importance of the concept of slumming, housing quality, life health and,…and with the study of the theoretical ideas related to the research subject and complete field studies, analyses the social – economical features and their effects on the quality of housing in Sheikh Abad neighborhood in Qom as one of the million-populated and migration destination cities in Iran that faces the problem of slums. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data gathering was based on library studies and field studies(distribution of 310 questioners among residents by using Cokeran method). Also, to analyse the gathered data from the field studies, the spss software, and to analyse and prove a relation and correlation between variables the (Chi-Square) and (Man-Wietny) tests were used. The result of the present paper show that the houses in the neighborhood have a very unsuitable quality because of weak social-cultural, especially economical structures of the residents that finally lead to decrease of life level, comfort and security of the residents in Sheikh Abad neighborhood.

Feasibility studies, a very good technique that can further the desired conditions for our economic and reveal to be of economic or non-transparent investment makes. In other words, relying on feasibility studies will be realized regardless of whether a return to justify investing activities qualifying is enough or not. Soltanieh region includes the city of soltanieh and that Townships15 km radius of the dome Soltanieh as a global effect is located. This study, descriptive , analytical and practical type in which the area to Soltanieh Feasibility tourism development has been studied. This study show statue to the archaeological one Soltanieh land and having global effects Soltanieh dome and other attractions, especially the land of the hand position and placement on the historic Silk Road, crossing the other hand, the ability to become a regional international Creation has high in come and investment planning and management investment tourism opportunities in the region, justified and will search high economic returns.

Quite competitive century colonial Great amein Central Asia Geopolitical The Great Russian Revolution, which endedin 1917AD. Untilthe early1990swith thecollapse oftheSovietCentral Asianregion, this time alongthe whole southern Caucasus, Central Eurasiaare called againin power of the competition and the game wassuch that it the newgreat gameto berememberedas. Despiteall these development soccurredin the geostrategic and geopolitical regions ofthe world, riseup and Eyes Regionalintegrationandunityofthecoalitionaretof ailed to influence the key playersinthe global systemto reduceplay.one of theseplacesaregeopoliticalregionthathas always be eninvolvedinrecentyears challengingandwarshave beeninternal and external. thisarticleisfollowed bytherole andfunction of the Caucasusregion aregionalorganizationin Guamtoassesstheage of Globalization. Organizations the convention that the interestdue tobeing asuccessfuljointforcesin thescenebetweentheregionin order to solveorpreventproblemsthatledGeorgia, Ukraine,AzerbaijaniandMoldovan, aregionalorganizationestablishedin 1997toGuam.

In our counrty , coming to integrative development for rural settlement had been considered as a strategy to protect settlement , since this kind of development of villages and there protection. In other to reach this kind of development, recognizing the opportunities strengths, weakness and threats in the region can more effective and better method until with recognize them and planning to use capabilities and remove the weakness, could reach to a stable and integrative development.Current research using descriptive- analyzing method had been dealt with the investigation of strengths, opportunities weakness and theats using SWOT model in Ahmad Sar Ghourab district in Shaft township.Inorther to collect information in 48 villages, a questionnaire and interview had been carried out from the village farm management and councils. The results from this survey indicate that this district with 48 village plenty of opportunities in nature environment point of view which can effective in this area integrative development. Of the capabilities of this area can refer to some strengths in the area of creating complementary agricultural activities, capabilities of natural and pilgrimage tourist and intact natural polential Of the major weakness point in the studies area could refer to lacking possibilitiesand service in the villages .And lack of planning toward using opportunities had been caused to this issue that the village of this district are not meet their population requirement.

Color and velvet revolutions called to Orchestrating and without violence overthrow entered political literature, after Soviet Union has been collapsed especially in the newly independent countries. Velvet revolutions with western countries patronage such as, Georgia (yellow flower revolution, 2003), Ukraine (Orange revolution, 2004), Kyrgyzstan (Tulip revolution, 2005) cause to some changes in region which affected Islamic Republic of Iran and there are some essential factors including, political, cultural, economical changes, which can reduce at adverse effects on Iran and welcomed to positive outcome.

Human development can be extended to the selection process in the context of space capabilities to achieve better defined. On the other hand, "the motion of any society to achieve development, human factors. Humans are also agents of development and its ultimate goal. So important because, nowadays, people-centered development, human development is central to the debate. Therefore, a comprehensive study on the progress of humanity, such as the circumstances of economic, cultural development framework  sustainable is one of the necessities of the inevitable issues of development for each region is one? The findings indicate that improvement of this index increases life expectancy of 64/9 years to 69 years in the education index and the literacy rate for men and women from 68 percent in 1375, more than 80 percent in 1385 has increased. But in per capita income, studies show that the share of household income province to 14 percent less than the average of the country in this position 25 countries are located. Given the low wages and rising unemployment in the province, a strategic plan to improve the human development index in the province through the development budget in order to increase employment in the province of the privileged position with regard to communication and trade with Iraq, the oil-dependent industrial development due to the abundant oil resources in the province is recommended. Any gender differences in the base human development is more, gender-related development index will be lower than the human development index.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the functions and effectiveness of Dehyari and Islamic councils in the rural development management regarding physical, environmental, economic and social areas in the south SarRoud rural district which is the central section of the Boyer Ahmad city. The study tries to survey impacts of managerial institutions including councils and Dehyari on the development process of rural areas located in this rural district. In this research the key assumption is based on the fact that the population level of villages could have a positive effect on promoting the rural management process. The present research is descriptive-analytical based on questionnaires. Research data were collected through simple random sampling method from 22 villages of south SarRoud rural district. To conduct the research, based on questionnaires statistics and information were obtained from 303 heads of households. SPSS software and statistical tests like T-test and Kruskal Wallis were applied for analyzing the data. Relation to the economic area the findings reveal the success of the function of councils and Dehyari is less than the average rate. In relation to the social area the findings suggest a positive function of the rural managers which is higher than the average rate and a positive role of councils and Dehyari with respect to these indexes. The findings in the physical were showed that the indexes were higher than the evaluated average rate. The findings of the field surveys show the sample population has evaluated that the function of the councils and Dehyari in populous villages is more successful than in villages with smaller populations. To prove this assumption, Kruskal Wallis test was also applied. The findings show that the function of the councils and Dehyari in applied indexes within the economic area is less than the evaluated average rate. According to the findings of the research there is a need to review providing loans and credit conditions to small villages and besides the factor of population, the other criteria need to be taken into account.

This study was con ducted around the Rasht city's pool (eynak). eynak neighborhood located in the south west of Rasht city. Immigrants attraction of different ethnics, existence of no document lands, poor living In terms of economic is a prominent feature in this neighborhood. Total of these factors, have caused informal settlements deprived of services infrastructure such as a sewage network & drinking water.In this study used of quantitative models based on the normalized network, Criterias of neighboring link, trust and Civil partnership for measurements of social capital level (cooperation, collaboration, mutual trust) In this regard 375 questionnaires was completed in statistical population. made statistical analysis by SPSS software demonstrated that study area has a high potential in cooperation & collaboration field & there is a significant relationship between social capital and empowerment in study area; if be done proper planning, can utilize of social capital as a powerful leverage in neighborhood's rehabilitation and improvement. This research intend to have an acquaintance of social capital reproductionh ways such as a social networks acquaintance to gain trust style, to involve the settler in doing of works and increase of awareness within settlers…. In informal settlements and in eynak neighborhood of Rasht city. Also exhibit realistic and scientific solution for increase of life quality through social capital in these settlements and research bounds .Finally were presented recommendations such as a use of local people in jobs come from tourism development around of pool and facilities for investors & …