مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 15 (تابستان 1390)

Capabilities of a database, information management and availability of data that is based on need. The purpose of this study design, data base analysis in GIS environment needs to be done. Data structure should be designed so that the logical connection between the data maintained and based on the existing data management system can be implemented.
Database of economic - social Ardebil in GIS (GIS) and its data model mapping (digital or Gallery) and the raster (image or cell) in the form of database software Arc GIS version 9.3 is stored.
Research The aim of the study and application of methods and descriptive nature - is analytic.
Gallery of data containing location and descriptive data are included in the spatial data layers of national divisions, centers, layers, units politically, the country's international borders with Azerbaijan province, the province's streams and rivers, and the height of the curves, the road layer, inner layer of the lake, the cities and digital elevation model of Earth's layers, such as video, satellite images and maps of the province is scanned. The huge volume of spatial data in vector model in the form of a geographic database (GDB) have been entered into the GIS.

The data types stored in the system, Location and a description and analysis of reports from various databases provided then Use them to help in planning and decision-makers need to be related to possible, This article has been cited in some of them.

Before the 18th century A.D., the large enclosed today of Mazandaran sea belonged to Iran. After emerging Czarism in Russia and imposing the shameful treaty of Turkmenchay and Gulistan, the measurement and interests of Iran in Caspian Sea decreased gradually. After collapsing of the Soviet Union in December 1991, new governments emerged including Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkomania in the margin of CaspiamSea. In the current geopolitical situation, these countries old not act according to the concluded treaties between soviet union in 1921-1940 because they achieving their interests in Caspian Sea, thus, they asked to change the legal regime and to determine a new legal regime in Caspian Sea.
Because of darn’s civil and geographical situation in the south margin of Caspian Sea, Iran recognizes that it is Iran’s natural right to attempt to determine legal regime of this sea and to achieve to its eligible national interests.
Research The article, through a suitable and proper scientific method, attempts to provide a descriptive and analytical explanation of data that have been collected from librarian resources, and then, by focusing on the different systems in terms of taking advantage of Caspian sea in common and distribution forms, it tries to present a new functional solution for costal countries in order to benefit from sources and interests of Caspian sea.
Before the eighteen century, Iran was the exclusive owner of a huge part of Caspian Sea. When the Tsars came to power and the disgraceful treaties of Torkmanchai and Golestan were imposed on Iran, however, Iran’s space and interest were decreased gradually in the Caspian Sea. Although, as Southern neighbor, Iran later claimed 50 percent of the Caspian Sea, Russians, had given Iran a very small portion of this Iranian sea by imposing a hypothetical line of Astara-HoseingholiGulf. This issue has caused Iran to face difficulty using the resources even in this small portion of the sea. After the Soviet Union was disintegrated in 1991, Iran gained the opportunity to claim her lost rights in the Caspian Sea and expand her national interest in the sea. Like Russia, Iran’s stance was based on treaties of 1921 and 1940 indicating that all littoral States can enjoy joint use of the Caspian Sea. In new legal regime of the Caspian Sea, Iran, first, emphasizes the joint exploitation and the principle of joint ownership or proposes a just division of 20 percent share. System of joint ownership that is more emphasized by Russians, and supported by Iran and Turkmenistan, used to be desirable due to using water resources of the Caspian Sea. This system, however, is not very scientific and reasonable in exploiting the seabed in the present condition. On the other hand, the division principle proposed faces some problems due to lack of the principle of considering the equal rights of State members, the geographical shape of the Caspian Sea, and the length of the coast lines of the adjacent countries being different. To Iran, the division method they try to impose is not fair since Iran will lose the most.
Having the change in legal regime of the Caspian Sea delayed will reduce the feeling of responsibility of the littoral States for the preservation of the sea environment and will cause the constantly immethodical and destructive exploitation of the sea resources. Exploitation of the Caspian Sea in a joint system does not promote ownership feeling among the littoral States and decreases their responsibility in utilizing sea resources and preserving it.The use of the principle of division in the legal regime of the Caspian Sea is appropriate in case Iran gains a share of twenty percent. Since Iran is historically, socially, culturally, and politically different from other littoral States, the continuous bilateral or multilateral cooperation will be against its interests in such a way that they show less interest to Iran in their cooperation. Exploitation of the Caspian Sea in any way possible such as joint system, division principle, and bilateral or multilateral cooperation requires littoral state's cooperation. They need to cooperate with each other in order to keep the Caspian Sea a nonmilitary space, to preserve its environment, to reduce pollution, to stop superfluous fishing of biological resources, to produce and proliferate aquatics, and to control the fluctuations of water.

Network and urban system in Rasht town ship suffers from disequilibrium and this trend is constantly increasing due to the city dominance over the surrounding region and even whole province and the lack of strong functional relations among the centers.In such a condition, the deployment pattern of population and activity in town ship does not follow a right exploitation system of capacities and potentials displaying an inappropriate picture of population deployment. Consequently, the urban network of the town ship lacks a hierarchal function, and the spatial distribution and population volume do not follow functionally hierarchal system. The main objective of the present article is to study system and urban network and an evaluation of the changes in order to present balancing strategies to achieve a logical relationship among the current habitats.
Research Methodology Based on the purpose of the study, this article is an applied one. Regarding methodology, however, it is descriptive-analytic. To collect data, documentary and field studies have been carried out. Documentary study is used to describe the conceptual framework of the study and to complete this documentary study, the field method of data collection has been conducted. Then, models of city size distribution and urban hierarchy such as Zipf Model, logarithmic distribution of rank and size, Lorenz Curve, and Gini density coefficient were used to study and analyze the network and urban system of Rasht city.
Presently, Rasht as the first city in the region has over 92 percent of the urban population, and the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cities of Khomam, Lashtnesha, Kochesfahan, Khoshkbijar, and Sangar have respectively allocated around 2.14, 1.8, 1.39, 1.24, and 1.06 percent of the whole population. There is a high gap and distance between these cities and Rasht in terms of number and percent of population. This issue indicates an undesirable condition of population distribution in town ship which imposes an obvious influence over the process of the city development, and the high and low rates of job creation. This is quite evident from frequently daily references of people from surrounding cities and villages to Rasht for working, shopping, etc.
Since past decades, the city of Rasht has continually preserved itself as the shopping center so far as it has enjoyed a very high growth in that while small cities carrying special stand in local and regional urban network, have not enjoyed development process and have finally been forgotten.
The result reached in the logarithmic distribution of rank and size of different regions of Rasht reveals that this coefficient had a negative slope of less than one at the time of study indicating disequilibrium in regression slope in the town ship urban system and the dominance of the city that follows the first urban pattern which is highly increasing. In all periods of population census, Lorenz curve in Rasht town ship has a high dent which can be felt from the separation degree of monotonous distribution line. The distribution of the cities in the region under study, the numerous small towns, and the presence of metropolitan city of Rasht have resulted in low efficiency in communication among surrounding cities.
The result of survey conducted on the hierarchal system of the city through model of Lorenz curve and the Gini density coefficient indicates that population distribution of cities in 1976 and 1996 was half balanced and had critically imbalance condition in 1986 and 2006.

The population of cities is increased every day in contrast, green spaces is limited for the sake of tall buildings. Also, man’s soul has always dealt with flower, plants and trees and beneficial effects of green spaces are undeniable for human spirit. so, the importance of green spaces becomes more visible, and urban planners try to provide a pleasant and beautiful surrounding for man’s welfare. Green space is one of the man’s basic needs. Man’s demand for accessing to economical, social and recreational facilities on one hand, and lack of sufficient lands for service, dwelling and industrial, centers on the other hand caused urban gardens and trees be destroyed by service and building makers, This process has so broad that nothing has remained from green gardens and planted trees except limited amounts. In addition to shortage of green space there are other problems e.g. luck of correspondence between applied system of green space and spatial construction of city. Also, not having access to these spaces caused the issue of green space become more serious. This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution of parks of district one of Kermanshah city and it tries to analyze the shortages, the way of spatial distribution, the amount of access. This research aims to answer some questions in this regard:
-Do the current amount of green space in district one of Kermanshah suffice its population?
-Are the parks of this district distributed properly?
For compiling definitions, concepts and theories library and documentary research has been used and GIS software used for analyzing data.
Research Methodology The location of green space is important. Jane Jacobs, a contemporary critic, believed that park should be build where there are a large number of people, culture and business activities. Analysis of parks based on the approach, balancing the position of green spaces according to population rate and a public access to these places are among the main purposes of this research.
According to the public statistics of people and dwelling in 1385, the population of Kermanshah was 794863 people from which 77817 persons live in district one which is the lowest population among all districts. Also 69 persons per hectare (acres)is determined from the study. the result was compared with the global standard which revealed that the amount of green spaces for each person is so far from the standardized rate. According to the gained statistics, the whole amount of green spaces of Kermanshah is 614 acres from which 84.4 acres is in district one (14 % ).with respect to the population of Kermanshah, the amount of green space for one person in district one is 10.84 m which indicates the equipped parks have been limited to 6.35 m In this study , the amount of access to parks has been considered according to four factors i.e., neighborhood, local, districts and areas and 550 meters was realized for applied process. Analysis was done by GIS and it revealed that 91 % of population is in the circle and 9 % are outside the applied range of parks.
The applied range of parks has properly been distributed to some extent. But, the main problem of district one is the amount of green space and due to the population growth and development of apartments the amount of green space is limiting. The shortage of equipments and improper location of parks are big problems. Despite the shortages, many people spend free time in parks which dont have enough space. No service is provided from public or private organizations. The government and municipals are responsible for investment but they try to establish market places and trade centers which lead to playing multiple roles of parks. Also, in planning, less attention is paid to green places. As a result, we cant achieve ideal purposes. We can touch such problems in this area on the basis of investigations and observations of equipped green spaces in this district, no table cases and significant problems are as follows:*lack of proper access to parks; most of parks have been established beside the main roads or in a marginal place.
*neighborhood with some irrelevant applications some of parks are near filling –station or army buildings which are not proper in the surroundings of parks.
*shortage of proper furniture and lack of sanitation and recreation facilities.
Finally , some strategies and solutions for expanding and maintaining green spaces: - offices, companies and individuals should be free from paying taxes
for producing green spaces
- appreciating those who have been active in the field of planting green spaces
by holding frequent gatherings.
- publishing books and advertising papers about the importance of green spaces and
delivery to people freely.
- giving people free flowers and trees for planting and developing green spaces
- planting trees by artists , athletes in urban spaces.
- Using private companies for helping in the process of developing green spaces.

With rapid urbanization in recent decades and the increased use of motor vehicles, traffic on city streets has become one of the problems of big cities. In this regard, construction of public parking in the vicinity of urban streets in order to avoid long and about in parks, along streets, is one of effective measures to reduce traffic. The most appropriate location for parking, where parking is most needed to be .The car park will be resolved as well. The car park will be resolved as well. Within the scope of Yazd is based on studies of traffic and transport, including 12 regional and 140 district is that a large part of the important area of ​​the parking problem in the takes. The context for the study of the central city of Yazd is an area that overlaps with a large range of choice is an area of ​​765 hectares and a population of about 50,000 people.
Research Type of applied research - development of; and descriptive - analytical. Studies of tissue within the central city of Yazd is, for the purpose of parking places, in addition to documents, studies, data from research that were added to the field.
After collecting data - field factors were required to locate. Weight each factor from the hierarchical analysis process and then using the GIS overlay of the weight factors combined together and the final map and location of spots that were identified as suitable.
Identifying and tracking the factors that affect the location of, the most important steps are studied. The criteria used to locate parking can be expressed as follows: 1) trip for the absorption (K): are the centers where they travel to various reasons so that it will increase traffic on surrounding streets.
2) required parking space (N): a total of 50 public parking Yazd, only 34 parking within the central tissue or in the streets of this border area is located on Park Place in 1550 only provides for the collection of stationary traffic.
3) Access to the main street (R): parking in the nearby streets to encourage more people to use them and are less confused, and accessing them is easier and faster.
4) being ruined or Bayer (M): Given the historical context of the central city of Yazd, the destruction of some of the places is not possible to construct parking places that are selected are dilapidated, and Bayer.
The results of this study are as follows:1.locate parking in a number of factors are involved in all aspects of the analysis is not possible with traditional methods. The other hand, neglect of these factors contributed to a significant waste of material resources and the environment and serious injuries to people and urban management will be imposed. Thus the use of information technology, particularly geographic information systems to analyze large volumes of data, is essential.
2. Given the high cost of land in central and commercial area of ​​town is best, parking will be constructed in the class because despite the poor infrastructure, large parking space and also create economic justification of accept.
3.Use of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geography information system (GIS) and combined it with logic overlap index (IO) in the optimal location is a high performance site. This allows for comparing and evaluating different locations can be optimized according to specific criteria. It should be added to this landuse.
4. Use of technology to manage a city when it is realized that the spatial and descriptive data with the accuracy needed to be there. So in order to retrieve and access information quickly, forming a centralized database is essential. GIS systems are able to manage large volumes of diverse data, with the lowest possible cost, reliable forecasts of the city managers are.

One of serious problems facing country’s environment especially in urban areas is the ongoing trend of hazardous waste mismanagement. The mismanagement of hazardous waste makes a lot of risks to the human health and the nature considering combustion, reactive, corrosive and toxic characteristics. In order to reduce these side effects the country needs a more comprehensive hazardous waste disposal program (e.g. legislation and regulation).
Research In this study, to overcome these challenges with regard to social - economic conditions and a better commitment by the manufacturers an appropriate legislation has been provided. The purpose of the revision and development of specific regulations for hazardous waste could be described based on the reduce of the severe damage caused by illegal disposal of pollutants into the urban environment as well as filling the existing gaps in state law to preserve nature and the environment. The study also criticized the existing law and administrative regulations of the Waste Management and following a comparison with some of the laws of developed countries, the topics for special legislation for the legal disposal was determined.
Consisted of 23 articles and 19 notes, as well as a regulatory counterpart including 87 article and 64 notes have been compared.
As a result, following a thorough and careful investigation, a piece of legislation In this revised regulations, a special attention is given based on the decrease of production and considering a recycling and reuse program. In addition to the applicable responsibilities, supervision for the implementation of the commitments is considered. This piece of legislation is annually audited by EPA with its divisions. In this regard, there is an especial emphasis by EPA on the private sector for the Waste Management. Site selection is carried out by EPA based on Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment. However, the Waste Management programs could be done by the private sector as a long contract. To transport and disposal of waste materials by the private sector, a maximum support by EPA has been considered. To reduce of environmental costs, a recycling and reuse program is emphasized. Meanwhile, the producer is responsible for disposal costs. In this proposed piece of legislation, in order to reduce the disposal costs and waste volume, some encouragements have been determined through ISO 14001. In addition, some solutions for business income and updated database are considered by the proposed piece of legislation. Overall, an organized educational program is proposed for public and private sectors.
This research revealed that to protect the urban environment, a specialized law should be codified. With regard to economic, social, cultural and political situation, a draft law for Waste Management has been developed. The illegal disposal of hazardous waste material is the most important problem in developing countries (e.g. Iran). To address this failure, the Special Waste Management Act and Regulations were presented. The advantages of this new legislation could be described in terms of the establishment of environment, and the view points of citizens on decision making processes the found could provide money for financing the costs associated with environmental recovery, primary evaluation of different legal disposal sites, and study the different environmental aspects for making decision about urgent reaction or improvement actions.

The second home is one of the reasons that tourists notice to villages. Also, those often built because of spending leisure time in rural areas. The second home phenomenon is growing in developing countries rapidly. Also, it is a respond to rural crises that caused by change in agricultural methods. In addition, this phenomenon augmented by the climatic and geographic differences, Rural and urban migration, Environmental Pollution, Population and overcrowding in cities, improve of way communications, Increase the benefit of personal car. Over all, developing of such kind of tourism has social, economical and environmental consequences.
Research The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of second home on tourism rural structure of Baraseh village in Tonkabon Township.
This study focused on economic, social and physical environment aspects.
The descriptive analytic research method was based on documental library studies, documental resources, finding fields and questionnaire surveying.
The results indicated that the host community satisfaction was less than average, in economic domain, social and physical-environment factors. In this study accounted significant level of alpha 0.05 considered and it was equal to 0.000.this result shows that there is significant agreement between answers. The most important positive outcomes were an increase in job opportunities, sale of local products, improvement in the quality of the services and village's streets and reconstruction of the old houses and reconstruction. The negative consequences are increasing of land and house price, Conversion agricultural gardens to home gardens , increasing of the non-Native ownership of rural land and housing, destroying the rural landscape and the higher construction rate.
Tourist attractions in potential regions provide an opportunity to develop rural areas, especially tourism villages, which provide people for relaxation and comfort on one hand and on the other hand have deep consequences for the towns themselves and brings opportunities as well as dangers for rural societies. Tourism and second home construction in Berse rural area is Spontaneous and it has no predetermined plan. In fact, it has negative and positive consequences.

Tourism is among phenomena being transformed considerably with time as with many other sciences. Eastern Guilan geographic area receipts many tourists during different season of the year. In addition to natural attractions, various aspects of cultural attractions in the area could be mentioned such as: traditional customs, local markets and specifically its nutritional culture. On one hand, nutritional habits in a society meet physiological requirements of the body; on the other hand, it's a cultural behavior. It may be logical if saying that foods recipe and processing methods is a way to transform regional nature to the culture of same place. Nutritional culture in eastern Guilan is in such a way that many play an influential role to attract more and more tourists, thus to development of the area.
Research In present study, qualitative research technique was used. So that , questionnaires items were prepared initially by interviewing to clear-sighted figures and cultural honors, as well through field observations. Then using margin technique, sample population volume was defined up to 384. Next, questionnaires were completed randomly in tourism sites of Astane-Ashrafieh, Siahkal, Lahidjan, Langeroud, Amlash and Roudsar related figures were extracted using excel software, finally to test the hypothesis,
since statistic population had qualitative variables, questions were ranking depending on qualities and amount and spearman scoring correlation coefficient from following equation was calculated for them:Ps =1- Where, d2 : deviations square in the scores,
N: the number of question in static population nutritional geography in present study was considered as independent variable and tourism expansion and restoring the traditions and culture was considered as dependent variable in this study.
Tourism will familiarize the person to geographic areas of other persons and cultures. It can be stated that culture is as a major attraction in tourism. Cultural differences between visitors and destination territory will double nutritional services attraction. Specifically if the food is served in a circumstance consistent to destination culture (decoration, light, music, etc).
Nutritional geography in eastern Guilan has 5 unique characteristics:1. Presence and wide variety of foods with vegetable origin.
2. Providing variants foods which in lowest time will be cooked and ready to meal.
3. Pharmaceutical properly in some of foods used in the area,
4. Eating food with opposing natures to prevent disease,
5. Geographic area elements such as local markets, regional nature, seasonal changes. Etc are important to select and cooking the foods in eastern Guilan.
Local foods in eastern Guilan can be classified to three major groups: vegetative foods, meat foods and sea foods.
High percentage of tourists replied to the questions on local foods and its relationship to repeated journey, their motivation to trap, having pleasuring memory from eating local food in a suitable and reminiscent space along with specific hospitality of Guilan people with high percentage, it may be noted that local foods, due to being unique and providing from regional specific materials, show off and to survive versus non-local food patterns. It is considered as most prominent characteristic among tourists, nutritional geography is considered as independent variable and tourism development, tradition and culture restoring are considered as dependent variables in present study. Spearman scoring correlation coefficient was calculated equal to 0.917857 using excel according to question scoring, which represents direct and almost complete correlation between independent variable (nutritional geography)And dependent variables (tourism development) and traditions and nutritional culture restoration).

Local periodic markets are places that villagers and farmers go there for selling crops. Therefore these markets have an important role in local development. Thus each transformation in these markets effects on villagers and farmers. Aim of this investigation is study of the local periodic markets and its role in local development. The local periodic markets have important role in rural economic in Guilan province and therefore each change and evolution in this markets effect on rural economic and society. Therefore, solution of these problems must be principle priority in region planning. This investigation study that how these problems resolve. Therefore there are some problems that may study:1.What are economic dimensions of the local periodic markets in rural development?
2.What are cultural and social dimensions of the local periodic markets in rural development?
3.What is effective component in economic and cultural and social dimensions of the local periodic markets in rural development?
Research This investigation does in 9 cities in Guilan province they have local periodic markets. Statistical population includes half of total society that includes 300 sellers. Sampling method for this selection was stratified sampling. A systematic random sampling method was used to select the samples from among the sellers in each city. Reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alfa. Validity was studied by in geographical and agricultural experts. Data was calculated by SPSS software and investigators used from per cent, mean, C.V and factor analysis for analyzing data.
With regard to the study area, the study was conducted in Guilan province in Iran; Guilan is located at 36’ and 34” to 38’ and 27” northern latitude and 48’ and 53” to 50’ and 34” eastern longitude from the Greenwich meridian.Guilan is one of the northern provinces of Iran that its extent is 14711 km. It is about 9% of Iran extent.
This province lies along the Caspian Sea, just west of the province of Mazandaran, east of the province of Ardabil, north of the provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin. The center of the province is the city of Rasht.
Results say that economic dimension is equal 2.60 that it shows that the local periodic markets have economic effects on rural development. But cultural and social dimension is equal 3.25 that it shows that local periodic markets do not have effect on rural development.
In economic dimension, there are 3 components that effect on rural development (71.025 of total), and in cultural and social dimension, there are 2 components that effect on rural development (67.35 of total).
This paper mentions that the local periodic markets have important role in rural development. In social and cultural dimension, they effect on villagers’ social situation, help to women empowerment, increase interaction between cities and villages and identify local traditions to visitors. In economic dimension, the local periodic markets produce jobs, income, decrease poverty and help to crop sale. In sellers’ motivating dimension, the sellers like their work but jobs, money and employment are important reasons for working in the market.
The researchers show that there are some components in the local periodic markets that effect on rural development. In economic dimension, these factors include: production and marketing factor, income factor, and occupation factor. In social and cultural dimension, these factors include: rural and urban interaction and income factor. And in sellers’ motivating dimension, these factors include: professional factor, families’ factor, money factor and shopping factor. For the local periodic markets, the researchers have some recommendations that include:1.it is essential that government intervene in the local periodic markets for to help the sellers;
2.the sellers are almost poor and government should protect them by credit, loam and insurance, and
3.The local periodic markets are Iranian cultural heritage that must protect.