فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 36، زمستان 1394)

Many molecular methods have been used for diagnose is of canine leishmaniasis. These methods mainly rely on tissue specimens provided by invasive approaches for molecular detection of leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate two noninvasive sampling methods detection of Leishmaniasis using PCR method. For this purpose, a total of 60 dogs were selected and equally divided into three groups: pet dogs with cutaneous lesions (Group 1); pet dogs without cutaneous lesions (Group 2) and stray dogs (Group 3). After physical examination of dogs, eye swab and buffy coat samples were collected from each dog, also, tissue smears were prepared from the lesions of dogs in group 1. DNA of eye swab and buffy coat samples were extracted and used to detection of Leishmania species using PCR and semi-nested PCR tests. Blood smears were stained by Giemsa method for microscopic evaluation. Out of 60 dog, the DNA of four swab samples related to the dogs of Group3 and one swab and DNA of buffy coat sample in a dog in group 1 was infected with Leishmania infantum. Leishman bodies was only observed in tissue smear of one dog in group 1. Three positive samples were sequenced for confirmation of results. Based on the results of this study, Leishmania infantum infection is common among dogs in Mashhad area and it seems that ocular swab specimens can be used as a noninvasive method for molecular detection of leishmania infection in dogs.

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by disordering is the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Most blood glucose lowering drugs that are introduced for treatment, have side effects when used for long-term. Therefore, nowadays, in order to control diabetes and its complications, the use of drugs from plant origin is considered widely. In this study, 40 adult male Wistar rats weighting 250±20 gr were equally divided in to 4 groups randomly: 1- control group or intact animals,  2- Diabetic animals, 3- Treatment 1 group which received 500 mg/kg extract and 4- Treatment 2 group: which received250 mg/kg extract. Animals in the two treatment groups received E. cyparissias extract for 21 days by gastric gavage. At the end of the treatment, levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL and blood glucose were determined. The results showed that triglyceride and LDL levels decrease significantly in treatment 1 group compared with the diabetic group (p<0.05). Also HDL level increased significantly in treatment 1 group compared with the diabetic group (p<0.05). In addition, blood glucose level of treatment -1 group had decreased significantly in comparison with the diabetic group (p<0.05). This study showed that oral administration of E. cyparissias alcoholic extract has hypoglycemic effects. It can reduce the serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins in streptozotocin induced diabetic male rats.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of oxytetracycline on the amount of calcium and phosphorus of blood and bone tissue density in broiler chickens. For this purpose, 72 day-old Ross chicks of, 308 strain in a completely randomized design in two groups: the control group (without dietary antibiotic) and the treatment group (with a diet containing oxytetracycline 50%, 3 gr per kg of diet) with 6 replicates in the same environmental conditions and management were studied for 42 days. In this experiment, the diameter of femoral shaft and ratio of various tissues of the femur and skull were studied. Blood parameters included calcium and phosphorus. In the group treated with oxytetracycline, femur shaft diameter was significantly decreased with the addition of drug to diet (p<0.01). Also the trabeculaes in the femur shaft and skull significantly decreased (p<0.01). In the group treated with oxytetracycline, the bone marrow of femur and skull significantly increased (p<0.01). The effect of oxytetracycline on cartilage of skull was no significant. The addition of oxytetracycline, to diet had no significant effect on calcium and phosphorus of blood. The results showed that oxytetracycline reduced absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine and reduced bone density.

Anesthesia in birds is associated with high risks. To resolve this problem, we have to find a drug that is compatible with avian physiology and anatomy. This study was conducted to compare the clinical and pathological effects of metamizol with midazolam as premedication in pigeons. For this purpose, eighteen male adult   pigeons with the mean age of two years and weight of 300 gm, were randomly divided into three groups with six individuals per group. Group I was the control group, in which the pigeons were given an intramuscular (IM) injection of ketamine 40 mg/kg body weight. Each pigeon in group II was given an IM injection of midazolam at 6 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection. Also, each pigeon in group III was given an IM injection of metamizole at 500 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection. In order to determine the depth of anesthesia in each group and within 5 min from the last injection, various clinical reflexes were evaluated on the body of each pigeon. Also, postmortem examinations were performed to assess tissue damages in the liver and kidney tissues. The results of clinical evaluation in three groups showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the various clinical reflexes between group III, compared with groups I and II. Also, the results of histopathological analysis indicated minimal changes in metamizole treated pigeon in compared with midazolam treated group. Based on these result it seems that metamizole plus ketamine could be used as a suitable combination for anesthesia of pigeon.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a medicinal plant and pungent food spice, which has antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger on antioxidant status of blood in healthy sheep. In this study, dried ginger root powder was added to the ration of 10 male yearling sheep (treatment group), at the rate of 1g/head/day for a period of 2 months. In the second group (n = 10 sheep), a single dose of vitamin E+selenium injection was administered intramuscularly (positive control group) and the control group (n=10 sheep) received no medication or special additives. Blood samples were collected regularly at 2 week intervals and enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant levels were measured. Ginger increased total antioxidant capacity of serum and blood levels of SOD, GPX and CAT, which was significant compared to the control group (p<0.05). At the end of the experiment, blood levels of SOD and GPX in ginger group were significantly less than the positive control (vitamin E+selenium) group. However, serum total antioxidant capacity of ginger medicated sheep was significantly higher than the positive control group (p<0.05). Blood catalase level was not significantly different between treatment and positive control groups. Our results showed that the addition of powdered ginger root to sheep diet could increase the blood antioxidant capacity. However, further investigations are needed to determine the optimal dose of ginger. Overall, this study suggests that ginger can be used as a dietary supplement to boost the antioxidant capacity of sheep.

Mastitis is an infectious disease that is spread in livestock and can cause cattle mortality. Generally a cow with mastitis has a 15 per cent decrease in milk production. In addition, losses from changes in some components of milk should also be considered. Any change in milk properties can be severe hazard for milk producers, dairy factories and consumers. In this study, the effect of somatic cell count on row milk quality of cows affected by subclinical mastitis was studied. For this purpose 240 milk samples were collected from dairy farms with subclinical mastitis (traditional and industrial) of Khuzestan province in 2014 and their somatic cell count, protein and lipid contact and acidity determined. The mean±SD for somatic cells, acidity, protein and fat were 3.20×105±1.37×105 SCC/ml, 14.50±0.62 D°, 3.12±0.06% and 3.23±0.14% respectively. After statistical analysis, reverse correlation were found between somatic cell count with milk fat and protein. However, direct correlation was observed between range of milk fat and protein (p>0.01). Furthermore the results indicated that the range of acidity in spring and winter, protein and fat in winter and somatic cell in summer and autumn were more than the other seasons. According to statistical analysis, protein percent of milk samples in industrial farms were higher than traditional farms although the range of somatic cells was higher for traditional milk samples ‏)p>0.05) According to the result, it seems that the somatic cell count of milk influences raw milk fat and protein content and acidity.

In order to evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in horses, blood samples were taken from 152 horses from 7 horse clubs in Tehran. Serum samples were examined using a microscopic agglutination test to detect the presence of antibodies against five live serotypes of Leptospira interrogans (grippotyphosa, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicula and hardjo). Of the tested samples, 23 horses (15/13%) were positive to one or more serotypes. Titer levels ranged from 1:100 to 1:200. Icterohaemorrhagiae (44/44%) was the most frequently detected serovar followed in descending order by gripotyphosa (29/62%), canicula (22/22%), pomona (3/7%) and serotype hardjo was negative. Statistical analysis using the chi-squared test showed there was no significant correlation differences between Leptospira interrogans infection and factors such as sex and age. The serum titers of infected horses ranged from 1:100 (n=19) to 1:200 (n=78). These results suggest that the icterohaemorrhagiae serovar may be the most prevalent serovar in the horse population Tehran.