نشریه سیاست دفاعی
پیاپی 92 (پاییز 1394)

Using Imam Khomeini’s ways of thinking, parameters can be achieved that can strengthen the Country’s political security. These parameters also cab produce a political stability and sustainable security. This article tries to scrutinize the political security parameters in Imam Khomeini’s thoughts. The main question in this article is “What are the internal and external parameters of political security as thought by Imam Khomeini?”. The findings of this research indicate, firstly that, preserving the political regime, strengthening the institution of clergymen, tending to abide by the laws, defending Islam, social integrity, public presence and participation, mutual loyalty between people and the authorities in charge, rejecting monopolism, and the sovereignty of law and order are among the internal parameters of political security. And, secondly that political independence, peaceful coexistence, rejecting oppression, establishing independent international organizations, supporting the oppressed nations and watching for the international organizations are considered foreign parameters of political security in Imam Khomeini's thinking. To answer the questions above, documentary studies and descriptive-analytical method are used where the 22 volume Imam Khomeini's Sahifa are used as the main authority for studying Imam's ways of thinking.

As a document that has aligned the plans and efforts made by different organizations, Iran’s 20-year outlook document has been emphasized by the Supreme Leader, for security is a scientific alternative required by the society where theories that don’t comply with Islamic values are unfortunately utilized. Therefore, explaining concepts and then security theories that are based on Islamic worldview constitutes as one of the most important needs that should be fulfilled. This article tries to study and explain the components of the Towhidi (monotheistic) security of Iran's 20-year outlook document, in addition to explaining part of the concepts and theories related to the Towhidi security. Then, the main question is: "which of the components of the Towhidi security exists in IRI's 20-year outlook document, and what quality, status, and relation do they have in relation to each other in terms of an explanation on the basis of the Koranic and Islamic principles?". To answer the above question, an "Ijtehadi" (reasoning on the basis of Sharia) method is used on top of library-documentary studies, with Iran's 20-year outlook document as the main authority in this article.

This research has been conducted with the aim of applying defense policy with defense strategy and military strategy. The research has been of applied type, and had been carried out via case and field study research method. The statistical community comprises 227 people, and the sample volume has been determined to be 68 people by using Cochran formula. Multilateral and capability-based defense policy is a guide as well as a framework for defense policy that leads to total capability-based defense authority and military power. Defense and military authority is achieved through the approach of offensive deterrence which is mysterious and based on intimidation. Defense policy helps create a low-risk security environment as well as convergence with other countries of the world through signing military treaties. Defense strategy prevents the formation of military threats and hard warfare by applying the components of national power. Military strategy contributes to how to organize armed forces and to choose warfare systems for carrying out the assigned missions. In addition to institutionalizing the culture of resistance, the value-based and human-centered defense policy boosts the spirit of fighting arrogance and Zionism.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Iran-Iraq relations have been under the influence of factors like Islamism, geopolitical rivalries, and rivalry in order to establish a regional, economic, and political hegemony. B oth Iran and Turkey have impact each other , with Islamic Republic of Iran w hose national security is impacted by that very important country, but the military and defense relations of both countries have not had any progress . This research is aimed to gain an understanding of Turkey as well as to achieve the military parameters and factors that are effective upon the defense relations of the islamic republic of Iran with Turkey, and to determine the extent to which they can affect each other . In this research, the type of research is applied-developmental, and the method used id descriptive-analytical. Also, the main question of this research is "what are the parameters and factors that are effective on IRI's defense, security relations?" The conceptual model adopted through views expressed by instructors using a selfmade Likert-scale questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficients 0/956 and Lasheh coefficient more than 0/8 where its validity and reliability was achieved. Finally, the defense security relations were substantiated through two parameters- i.e. military divergence and convergence and 19 factors using Freedman Test, correlation and factor loading analysis.

International arms transfers and transactions has come under international rules as a strategic trade from 2013 when the United Nations treaty on arms trade was enacted. Due to the fact that arms are a kind of goods, so the rules concerning international trade should also be determined according to the rules of the World Trade Organization, and in particular those of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. On the other hand, the arms trade treaty has taken into account limitations and regulations in order to control and track the transacted weapons, which is against the principle of Free Trade in the World Trade Organization. Therefore, it is either the case that the standards contained in the weapons trade treaty should be construed in a way that they have no conflict with the regulations of the World Trade Organization, or they should be interpreted in favor of the rules contained in the treaty. Considering the fact that the principle of Free Trade face exceptions in the regulations of the World Trade Organization, so any limitation threatening free trade should come under the exceptions specified in the organization's agreements. The most important of such exceptions are introduced under general and security exceptions in articles 20 and 21 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994. Since the objective of the arms trade treaty is to guarantee and improve the international peace and security through the control exerted on the conventional weapons trade, where it directly addresses the issue of weapons, the regulations and limitations contained in it are open to interpretation within the article 21 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (security exceptions), without being in conflict with the rules of the World Trade Organization, and also the commitments of the member parties to the treaty.

From a political and cultural point of view, Egypt is one of the most important countries in the Arab world and the Middle East that has invariably experienced a complicated relationship between the military, government and the Islamic groups. As a part of this, it is very important to address this specific complex relationship in the wake of the Islamic awakening and the developments that originate from the high-profile presence of the military in the pro-Mobarak Egypt. It follows that this article addresses the role played by the military in the trend of Egypt’s Islamic awakening. The finding of this research indicate that in the pre-Revolution period, the policy adopted by the military was to endeavor to approach the people, and increase its legitimacy in the eyes of its people with the aim of acquiring political posts and strengthening its position in the pro-Revolution regime. After the victory of the Revolution, and the fall of Mobarak, the military tried to consolidate the foundations of its power by stabilizing their position in the Constitution, and securitizing the issue. On the other hand, the policy adopted by the military is to contain the process of the Islamic Awakening in Egypt by introducing the Muslim Brotherhood as a destabilizing factor that spreads violence in Egypt, and generates division between the Islamist groups.

This article aims at studying the role of crisis management in decreasing the vulnerability of social subsystems in Iraq-Iran war. In so doing, this article tries to examine the vulnerability of (behavioral organism, personality, social and cultural) sub-systems in temporal dimensions of the crisis by emphasizing Parson's theory. Considering that fact that more than three decades have passed since the beginning of Iran-Iraq war, the method used in this research is documentary-library. The findings of this research show that behavioral organism system underwent a severe harm, and caused most of the objectives formulated by the micro-social system to fail; however, crisis management carried out proved by controlling the price of oil that Iran's economy was more resilient that what was expected. Although personality subsystem incurred much harm, Imam Khomeini's management of war shows a unique model of managing political crises. Social subsystem also incurred much harm with the advent of People's Mujahedin of Iran, but Imam Khomeini's style managing crises resolved the divisions by emphasizing the divisions. However, finally, cultural subsystem, under the influence of war, managed to restore value-based concepts such as sacrificing oneself, resistance and defense and develop them throughout the society.