نشریه مدیریت و توسعه ورزش
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 9، پاییز و زمستان 1395)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effective factors of job burnout and coping strategies in personnel of youth & sport general offices.
348 personnel of youth and sport general offices of seven provinces were randomly selected and completed three instruments including the questionnaires of Job Burnout (MBI, Maslach and Jackson, 1981), Sources of Job Burnout , and Coping Strategies of Job Burnout. MBI contained three dimensions with 22 items. Both of the questionnaires of Sources of job burnout and Coping Strategies included 48 items. Reliability of the questionnaires was high; Cronbach's alpha value for MBI, Sources of Job Burnout , and Coping Strategies of Job Burnout were 0.78, 0.85, and 0.89 respectively. Data were analyzed with one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov , ANOVA test and factor analysis test at the significance level of P≤0.05.
The results indicated that there was not a significant difference between job burnout levels of personnel of youth and sport general offices in variant provinces. Also, the results showed that the personal, organizational and social factors were identified as job burnout sources.
Managers of sport organizations can provide a good organizational climate, work support, delegation of authority, social and friendly relationships to cope the personnel's job burnout.

The aim of this study was to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threatens, determining the strategic position and formulating the strategies of Islamic republic of Iran Chess Federation.
The research method is descriptive in the field of the strategic studies. In this study, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. For gathering data, in addition to research meetings and interviews with members of the strategic committee, SWOT questionnaire with open questions, the strategic positioning questionnaire, and TOWS questionnaire were used. Statistical population of this study includes chess federation executive board, heads of federation committees, heads of provincial board, the elite of sport and management (N=59). 32 members were selected for Statistical sample. Sample members were selected using theoretical sampling. For the analysis of data, descriptive statistics, internal and external factors evaluation matrix, SWOT matrix, and TOWS matrix were used.
Findings of the research showed that chess federation had 10 strengths, 12 weaknesses, 10 opportunities, and 8 threaten. Efficient management of the federation and full-time employees in federation were the main strengths. Poor public relations of federation were the main weaknesses. Plenty of talent in the children and teenagers was the main opportunity. Lack of media attention, especially TV and radio, was the main threaten. Based upon the internal factors evaluation matrix (2.25) and external factors evaluation matrix (2.36), it was shown that the strategic position of chess federation was in WT area.
Finally, based upon the research results, developing the marketing plan, the use of available opportunities to attract sponsors, and developing legal - executive system were identified as the most important strategies of chess federation.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the roles of mass media (cultural, Educational, information and social participation stimulation) on cultural development of Iran amateur and professional sports in 2013.
Research method is descriptive-correlation. To gather data, library research (documents, literature review) and the field study (interviews and questionnaires) were used. The population consist of all the experts and managers in the field of sport and media whose number is 360. Sampling method was randomly and sample size was 186. For analyzing research hypothesis, t test, Pearson correlation, confirmatory factor analysis were used by SPSS software and Lisrel software. Content validity was used in order to assess the validity of questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient which its value was 0.898.
Research hypotheses at the significance level of 0.05 were confirmed and the results showed significantly positive relationship between roles of mass media and cultural development of amateur and professional sports. Based on means, effective factors on the cultural development of professional sports have been ranked. The cultural role of mass media took the first place and educational, information, and social participation stimulation role were ranked the next ones respectively.
Participants believed that despite the mass media's effect on sport and cultural development, it is not considered appropriately. Furthermore, more sport programs of media were related to championship and professional sport. But, amateur sports were paid less attention. Therefore, an appropriate applied plan is required in order to interact with the media and use its capacities for the cultural development of sports in different dimensions.

This survey identified and ranked the economic obstacles of club privatization in Iranian professional football league.
The statistical population of this study included the directors of the premier football league and the first division football league, the chief committees of football federation and provincial football boards, professors of sport management and economics, and management who were familiar with the professional football Issues, as well as football news reporters and experts (N=173). The data collection tool was the structured questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed. To measure reliability of questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used (α=0.80). Friedman test was used to rank the obstacles as well as Factor Analysis was used to identify factors.
The results showed that the first obstacle of professional football club privatization was inappropriate allocation of television broadcast rights and pitch-side advertising among teams.
Increasing the effectiveness and efficiency, improvement of the system management, good results achievement, and budget increase of club are the most important aims of each sport club. The Economic problems towards the clubs privatization were the notable obstacles to reach these aims. So, overcoming these obstacles is the first step to succeed.

A Large number of football clubs have recently employed CSR initiatives to manage their stakeholders and leverage their societal position. The main objective of this research was to identify social priority and factors that affect on social responsibility Primer of League Iran.
The sample consisted of 19 people's experts, administrators and faculty who were selected through theoretical sampling. This research was conducted as qualitative and used interview for data gathering. Data analyzed through three stages coding include open, axial and selective.
Findings were consist 63 labels in open coding, which categorized in 14 concepts. In following six categories of cultural-moral, economic, technical, legal, political and structural were identified related to challenges of social responsibility. Also football club's priorities including education, charity, social, sport, health, environmental and management were identified.
According to the findings recommend, the Special committee for develop of social responsibility in Iran football league organization established then optimal strategies review and impart.

This study aimed to analyze the endorsement of Iranian athletes.
This study was administered by using a grounded theory approach. Interviews (n=29) were conducted with famous athletes and coaches, legislators, and experts that selected by judgment sampling. Data were analyzed according to the open, axial and selective coding by using of Atlas.Ti software.
through the three coding phase, categories and sub-categories of athletes endorsement were identified and related to each other as follows: Causal conditions (individual and social factors, business-related factors, professional factors of sports industry, and media-related factors); Intervening and context condition (sociological factors, institutional factors, economic and trade-related factors, and media-related factors); Action strategies (governance actions, socio-cultural actions, sports organizations’ actions, commercial contract-related actions, media-related actions); and Consequences (social, national economy, professional, marketing and media consequences). Finally, coding paradigm described and theory was created.
Current limitations of Iranian athletes’ endorsement have occurred under various situation. It is far from desired situation that may have undesirable consequences. However, it can be achieved desired situations by using practical strategies that may lead to considerable outcomes.

The aim of the current research was to determine the components of professional development among the faculty members of the Physical Education and Sport Sciences and assessing its fit.
The survey was conducted through field study. The statistical population consisted of all the faculty members of physical education and sport sciences (N=205). The statistical sample was considered equal to the statistical population. The questionnaires were distributed among the participants and 173 ones were returned and analyzed. The structured questionnaire of Professional Development was used to collect data. Nine dimensions of professional development was identified through preliminary literature study. Then, six dimensions were confirmed by the expert's ideas as follows; research; specialty service; scientific publications; information and communication technologies and networks; English language skill; and teaching. The content validity and constructs validity of the instrument were approved by the specialists’ views and confirmatory factor analysis respectivelyãÍÇÓÈå Ô. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach alpha with coefficient of 0. 90. Descriptive statistics were used to categorize the findings and˜áãæÑæÝ inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-ÇÓãیÑäæÝSmirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and one sample t-test) were used for analyzing data. Also, SEM (structural equations model) was used to examine the causal relationship by LISREL 9. 2.
The analysis supported the process of fitting model to data. The results showed that the development model of the faculty members had desirable goodness. The dimension of scientific publications (3. 79) and English language skill (3. 98) were below average.

The purpose of the present study was to survey the athlete's stressors among selected teams of Iranian national teams.
The research population was selected from Iranian national teams in the team sports of basketball, volleyball, football, futsal and handball (N=85). The sample size was considered equal to the research population. Finally, 71 athletes participated in the survey (83%). The structured questionnaire of athlete's stressors was designed using the research literature and twelve subscales were recognized based on exploratory factor analysis. For analysis of data, Repeated Measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test at the significance of p≤ 0.05 were used. According to factor analysis, 65 items with factor loadings of 30% were classified into twelve factors.
The results indicated that the factors of injury, physical condition, individual and social issues, conflict with coach, team atmosphere, victory and winning, monotony and lack of spirit, time pressure, ambiguity and uncertainty, development expectation, training and media pressure, stress in the match field had more effect on athletes’ stress, respectively.
In sum, the prior factors of injury, physical condition, individual and social issues show that the management of sport competitions and exercise, prevention and treatment of injuries, and communication and interpersonal skills of athletes need more attention.

The aim of this study was the efficiency measurement of Iranian men's volleyball teams in the premier league.
The research population consists of teams attending the men's premier volleyball league (2010-2011). Because of limitation in amount of population, the sample size was considered equal to the population size (N=16). The study is descriptive-analytical and the field one. To analyze data, the descriptive and inferential statistics (mean, the Kendall and Pearson coefficient) and the operation research (DEA and AHP) were used.
At the first step, 21 criteria (financial, sport, human resources, available facilities) were determined according to the experts’ consensus (Kendall's w = 0.761). At the next step, the criteria were prioritized. Finally, there was not any correlation in the priority of the teams based on the efficiency point and the place of team in the ranking. There was significant difference between the efficiency points of the efficient teams and inefficient teams.
Results indicated that in addition to ranking the teams based on obtained scores, several other factors are effective in determining the amount of team effectiveness or ineffectiveness.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health and safety of indoor pools in Guilan province and compare it with national and international standards.
It was a descriptive survey and 21 indoor pools of 29 pools in Guilan province were studied. To collect data, a structured checklist including 116 items was used. Descriptive statistics and one sample t-test were used to test the hypothesis at P≥ 0.05.
The results showed that the score of health and safety of toilets as well as the health of locker rooms, showers, and inner courtyard of pools were significantly higher than the mean value (p Overall, the health, safety and staffing of indoor pools in Guilan province differed from national and international standards. We hope that the health and safety of these pools would increase with more attention of the officials.

Background & This survey evaluated the economic obstacles of club privatization in Iranian professional football league.
The statistical population of this study included the Premier League and first division football club directors, chiefs committee of Football Federation and official football of the Provinces, sport management and some of economic and management professors which were familiar to the professional football Issues, and football news reporters and experts (N=173). The data collection tool was researcher made questionnaire which its validity was confirmed. To measuring reliability of questionnaire, Cranach’s alpha was used (α=0.80). Friedman test was used for ranking of the obstacles and Factor Analyzes was used.
The results showed that the first obstacle was population inappropriate allocation of broadcasting.
Increasing the effectiveness and efficiency, improvement of the managing system, obtaining good results and increasing the budget of club are the most important aims of each sport club and the Economic problems towards the clubs privatization were the notable obstacles to reach these goals. So, removal of these obstacles, is the first step to success.

The aim of this study was to provide a model of attracting factors of private sector investment in Iran's championship sport.
The study population consisted of the whole experts in sports management, economics, private sector investors and managers of championship sport. In the qualitative phase, 18 individuals were selected purposefully and in quantitative phase, a sample of 121 people was chosen based on Cochran's formula. The instrument was a 71-item structured questionnaire. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 experts as well as the construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Magnitude of combined reliability testing and Cronbach's alpha was over 0.70 for all constructs. To analyze the data in the quality phase, Delphi method was applied in three stages. In quantitative phase, descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis were applied with SPSS16 software and SmartPLS.
The results showed that the attracting factors of private sector investment were prioritized as follows: management (0.855), sport (0.821), financial and economical (0.804), marketing (0.721), media and advertising (0.655), political (0.637), support and encouragement (0.615), cultural and social (0.559) and legal (0.356) are available. The model covered a good fitness.
The model was an appropriate one to attract private sector investor.

The aim of this research was needs assessment and quality evaluation of jobs to enrich with sport activities in Guilan province's emergency medicine.
It was a descriptive study. The population included the emergency medicine staff (N≈370), and the experts in medicine and health system in the province of Guilan. The staff (Cochran's formula: n=201) by random sampling and the experts (n=13) by convenience and purposeful sampling were selected. Research tool was the structured questionnaire (6 sections and 33 items) as well as a transcript of the interview (the quality evaluation of components for the needs assessment).The scaling was associated with each section (Likert scale, case, the Open-ended). The theoretical validity (Sigma counting=0.89, 10 experts) and reliability (retest=0.88) were acceptable. Analysis of Findings was done by the descriptive and inferential statistics (K-S and Chi-square) in the Excel and SPSS20 software.
The results were the followings: the sport facilities were few; workplace stress was above average but physical activity was below average; there were various physical side effects; the satisfaction at the services and their physical activity was low; and there was significant difference between the existing physical activity and the desired among the staff. Also, the significant difference was observed between the indicators according to the staff's view (p=0 It seems due to the evaluation findings of needs assessment; the management should intervene in this issue to handle it.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of expectations, the quality of services and satisfaction with the participation motivation of the female in body building clubs.
The method used in the study was descriptive-correlation. The sample consisted of 200 female participants in body building club selected by multistage sampling. Research instrument included the expectations questionnaire of Hier et al. (2006), the satisfaction questionnaire of Hier et al. (2006), the participation motivation questionnaire of Gill et al. (1983), and the quality of services questionnaire of Ko and Pastore (2004).
The results of research indicated that there were significant relationships between participation motivation, customer expectations, customer satisfaction, and quality of services. There were multiple relationships between expectations, the quality of services and satisfaction with the motivation of participation. The results indicated that the best predictor of participation motivation was expectations. The best predictors in the dimensions of services quality were the interaction and outcome qualities as well as in dimensions of customer satisfaction were the tangibles and empathy.
The continuous presence of women in fitness clubs is dependent on service quality and their satisfaction. Therefore, the officials and managers of clubs provide opportunities for improving the participation motivation of female regarding the service quality, expectations, and satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antecedents and outcomes of the psychological empowerment of staff in the youth and sport offices based on structural equation modeling (SEM).
The statistical population included all staff of youth and sport offices in the north-west provinces of Iran (N=588) and 250 people were selected as the study sample based on Cochran's formula. Research data was gathered using Spritzer’s psychological empowerment questionnaire (1997), SeyedJavadein’s organizational trust questionnaire (2009), Brayfield and Rothe's job satisfaction questionnaire (1951), Moody’s organizational commitment questionnaire (1979), Bardenz and Metzcas’s leadership style questionnaire (2000), and NanchiOn’s organizational culture questionnaire (1998). The reliability of the questionnaires was approved using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Pearson correlation and structuralequation modeling were used to analysis data.
Research findings indicated that the organizational trust, culture and leadership were considered as antecedents and job satisfaction and organizational commitment were identified as outcomes of the psychological empowerment. The strongest correlation was observed between leadership and culture, and the weakest correlation was observed between culture and empowerment (p It is concluded that leadership, culture and trust can improve the staff’s empowerment perception. Furthermore, the empowerment can promote the staff’s organizational commitment and their job satisfaction as well. Therefore, people with high degree of perception toward organizational leadership, culture and trust show more high level of empowerment in their workplace.