نشریه تاریخ پزشکی
پیاپی 22 (بهار 1394)

People and the human societies can not continue their personal and also social lives if hygiene practices are not considered to preserve their health. Nowadays one of the major issues is the case of human body and mental health. Considering the fact that the most important factor in mental health preserving is prevention, we survey and discuss the approaches of abu Zayd al-Balkhi to this topic. This study is based on descriptive-analytic method by using a documentary research approach, and it considers not only "Masalih alAbdan wa al-Anfus" of Balkhi as the main text, but other references related to Balkhi’s ideas as well as to history of medicine. The results are pointing to the fact that, in the field of body and mental health, Balkhi’s emphasis was on the necessity of prevention and privileged it to the cure and heal. In the field of mental health, he considers human body health, environment and also spirituality to be very important. Based on his ideas, self awareness is the main tool to prevent disorders and improve mental health, while it also helps the sick people to overcome sickness.

China in the ancient world, need the inevitable exports to the West due to the large volume of manufactured goods and products, and in the meantime Iran, as an important country, was located in West China, and from aspect political and scientific and also from the perspective of agricultural products and a variety of high level products. So these two countries saw their interests in relation to each other. The question this will be that, how was important relations between Iran and China in ancient times? And what role these relations played in medical science and medical achievements of Iranian and Chinese? The answers to these questions With respect to the resources and historical reports; noticed that a lot of roads that connected China to Asian countries. That Most notably passed Iranian territory, and of basic commodities and the most popular that passed of these roads were plants that have food and pharmaceutical applications that had such a degree of credibility and plurality that some of the important ways was called to The Pharmaceutical and Health. Also one of the factors regarding Iran to the other nations Sciences and especially Chinese medical achievements was the certain ideology that took place during the Sassanid era. And so it was assumed that Sciences Different nations are taken from the Iranians Bible, and this thinking, caused tolerance and Iranian passion in derived from the Chinese Science

Prediction of future and events of human life, especially matters related to medicine, such as determining the right time to take medicine and health retrieval, were one of the major concerns of mankind in the past. This predicts would become possible by using astrology. The importance of this knowledge led astrology to be written in astronomical and medical books for specific audience and calendars for traditional audiences. When new European knowledge arrived Iran, in Qajar era, writing astrology in contexts were missing its position, but the astronomical calendars have continued. The main aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between astrology and medicine based on the works of Abdul Gaffar Najm alDoleh and his family. For this purpose, the current research attempts to collect information by studying books and taking notes and then the required data were obtained by analyzing raw information and at the end, this article was written by using descriptive-analytic approach. Thus, by investigation the history sources, this paper reaches to the conclusion that despite of their familiarity with modern science, due to the demand of society, writing astrological calendars were continued by several successive generations of this family.

Music as a scholar science is comparator of tunes with melodies and art of saying the emotions also it had a main role in management of disease. Music makes a revolution in spirit and cause an exhilaration which has been noticed by the sages from ancient of Iran. The doctors were familiar with practical music and knew it’s characteristics to cure. They discuss about music as a medicinal tools in their books. Purpose of this study is collecting all the ideas about music therapy and effect of music on health from ancient of Iran until Teymooriyan age. It is noticed to some part of Islamic civilization beside it too. Actually, this study gathered some ideas about music therapy until the 9th age. Music therapy had a role in plan of management of diseases among the physicians in the past.

Among the multiple branches of the medicine of Islamic era, surgical knowledge, has not been reviewed Accurate and comprehensive. The importance of this research is an effort to provide a clear picture of the most important achievements in the field of this science, in the Islamic period. For this purpose, It should be drawn and fixed the general framework of this knowledge from the beginning of writing the independent Books in medicine in Islamic era which was drawn from third century to the beginning of modern medicine, the twelfth century AD. So this framework, is studied independently in both permanent principles and techniques of surgeons.
The method of research is qualitative with analysis the main text of surgery in the Islamic period. Accordingly, the works of this period, It was checked the reliable and available references, such as Al-Hawi fi Tibb-Razi, qanon Ibn Sina, AL-TASRIF Zahravi to less famous books, such as Fosul Qadiri. At the same time, In terms of time as well, the starting point OF study was a book of Ferdus alhikmeh and end point of study, book was khazaen al-moluk. Then these datas have been analyzed the views of the people in the field of surgery of tumor. Eventually has been tried with Inductive method to be determined the principles and proven techniques in this field.
The findings show that there has been some accepted and proven principles and techniques at this juncture from the east to the west in the Muslim world. The first principle, have been diagnosis Proper place of tumor, according to the location and content. Other principle has been determine the exact location of Surgery, precaution, stop the bleeding and suturing techniques tumor was the other principle of surgery. Surgical techniques of tumor include three general methods which have been split and cut. Techniques of Split include vertical slot (top-down), width gap, gap without lifting, Split with cauterize technique, Crescent and cross technique. Cutting also had been by removing the skin and techniques of cut off tonsils and tumor from throat. Also in some limited cases, for the treatment cauterize is used. One of the main principles of a surgeon in Islamic period has been specialized knowledge with a variety of necessary surgical tools. Specialized tools in this type of surgery include: Cicatrix; hook types; scalpel; Scissors; exam bars and Pliers.
Much of the principles and techniques of surgery of tumor, provided in the medical reference from third to six century AH And from the seventh to the thirteenth century enter the modern medicine to the world of Islam. Almost all the major sources, are repeated comments from earlier source, without critical review and provide any innovation and basically there has not been attempt to push the boundaries of knowledge. So it has been written a Brief descriptions of reference works such as the qanon Ibn Sina. Perhaps the main factor is the overall weakness of Islamic civilization and the subsequent, decline of the educational system of medicine is based on empirical observation, on the other hand, Lack of technology and prevented Microscopic growth this knowledge and build new tools.

Documentation and medical history of the Qajar period shows that medical practice in Qajar period, especially the first half, compared with its earlier centuries and did not progress. In addition in this period all diseases and drugs were divided in twofold (hot and cold), and patients were treated on the basis of this division. So, for those who wish to study in modern medical science, travelling abroad and studying in European countries were necessary. Saeed Khan Kurdistani is one of the examples of these people who got the basic introduction with medicine and medical science through contacting with Christian missionaries during 9 years. As a result, in three different time periods, he traveled to England to study and complete his medical knowledge, and under the supervision of English physicians, he had been specialized in anatomy, physiology, typology, microbiology, tropical medicine and ophthalmology and his name was recorded as one of the specialists and moral physicians in medical history. In this paper, through descriptive method and resources of library and Saeed Khan’s manuscripts, we try to investigate Saeed Khan Kurdistan medical life, his specialized courses in Medical field and his effects.

Human health protection against disease has been considered from the past as a most important issue in the world. By the way every country scientists tried to respond to this humankind’s need. One of these texts in the field of knowledge of medicine with emphasis on the member the eye written by Abu Ruh Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn abi Abdallah ibn Mansur Jamani Jorjani is famous golden hand. Perhaps it was an excellent work of its kind; In this study, the method of the library and descriptive - analytical emphasis on the content of the book and it was done to identify the sources; the writer has tried, to identify Origins and history of this and potentially explain writing, In this way, in this part of the text of the report content and works, Related to their achievements makes clear.
This study shows that the scientists created a work of more than Source oral and written, audio and visual, experimental and theoretical have benefited And the type of sources and how to utilize them Muhammad Jorjani and the classification and arrangement of the material in this book, Special privileges in Persian Nur al-ayun Book has brought the book.

Ebn-Batlan can be assumed one of the great physician of the 5th hijri century up to now, whose medical experiments and works were introduced as reliable references in most of the medicine history. He was skillful in wisdom and medicine and also in curing illnesses. He lived in 5th century and died in the middle of that. His books and works were so influencing in history of medicine particularly in the east of Islamic region. He has written nearly 13 books and articles. His book "Taghvim al-Sehha" has special importance besides his other medical works. The aim of this study is trying to introduce scientific and medical characteristics of Ebn-Batlan and his important works and some of his innovations as well. Ebn-Batlan, in medicine, used a combination of his earlier medicine’s methods and his updated experiences. He, nearly 900 years ago, stated the issues in medicine and curing illnesses in his book (Taghvim-al-Sehha) which are still medicine science’s issues and recommended and emphasized by medicine societies. Thus, research in the field of biography, medical methods and his health recommendations and other traditional medicine sages would be useful in introducing this great sage to the medicine world and researches of medicine history. Study and investigating on their used treatment methods could be helpful in distinguishing and curing the various diseases as well.