نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 33 (بهار 1396)

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit tension on mother plant, on vigor and seedling emergence rate percentage of safflower cultivars, the present research was conducted in split plot factorial with randomized complete blocks design with three replications at research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2014. Treatments at the main plots included water tension (main plot) in three irrigation levels after 80 millimeter (normal irrigation); 120 millimeter (moderate tension); 160 millimeter (sever tension) evaporation from evaporation pan class A and sub plot included three cultivars of spring safflower (Goldasht, Sina and Faraman) and growth regulator on Brassinosteroid (no consumption and consumption of 10 -7 molar). The results showed that drought tension decreased one-thousand seed weight, percentage and speed of germination, length (radicle, plumule, and seedling), seedling dry weight and seedling vigor index, so that it dropped compared to normal level 14/34%, 79/87%, 66/11%, 30/92%, 34/55%, 32/60% and 48/55%. And among cultivars, Goldasht cultivar had the highest one-thousand seed weight, seedling dry weight, rate and percentage of germination, rootlet length and seedling vigor index. But treatment of brassinosteroide just caused significant increase in one-thousand seed weight and seedling dry weight. For other researchers, it is recommended to use bradycinosteroids at the grading stage. Because the effect of brassinosteroid is likely to decrease over time from flowering to seeding.

In order to investigate the effect of terminal heat tension on yield and grain yield components of durum wheat cultivars (Triticum durum Desf.), the present field experiments were conducted in two sowing time (optimum sowing date and late sowing date). Seven durum wheat cultivars (Yavaros, Dena, Karkhe, Aria, Behrang, Saji and Zardak) were investigated in randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Islamic Azad University of Qaemshahr branch in Mazandaran province in 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12 three cropping seasons. Analysis of variance showed the effect of cultivar on spike weight and grain yield was significant, while the interaction of year in cultivar was significant for spike weight trait, but it was not significant for grain yield. The amount of spike weight loss under tension conditions was not the same for the studied cultivars, which proves the importance of selecting the insensitive cultivar to the heat tension. The investigation of tension indices showed that stress tolerance indices (STI), mean of productivity (MP) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) in optimal conditions and heat tension conditions, with grain yield, had a significant correlation (α ≤ 1%), so they were suggested for the selection of insensitive cultivars. Behrang cultivar with an average grain yield of 5310 kilogram per hectare in optimal conditions, and by 16.9 percent reduction in tension conditions; had the highest amounts of STI, MP and GMP indices and was proposed as the most appropriate cultivar for cultivation in Mazandaran region.

In order to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on some growth physiological indices and yield and yield components of two cultivars of sesame, a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Dezfoul the summer of 2015. In this experiment the first factor included seed preparation with solution of 0.1 mill molar salicylic acid (SA), 1 micro molar methyl jasmonate (MJ), 1.5 perccent humic acid (HA) and water (Control) and the second factor using two cultivars of sesame (Yellow white and Dezfoul native cultivar) were considered. The results showed that most growth physiological indices of sesame cultivars were affected by application of seed preparation treatments, and often the highest growth indices was observed in Dezfoul native cultivar with 1.5 percent humic acid. Also, the effect of seed preparation treatments except on seed number per capsule and harvest index, on the other evaluated traits was significant. The significant interaction of seed preparation treatments and cultivar on grain yield, biological yield and harvest index was obtained. The most correlation between grain yield and evaluated traits or the number of seeds per capsule (r=0.87**) and the number of capsules per plant (r=0.79**) was observed. Compared to control, treatments SA, HA and MJ respectively, increased 11, 18 and 14 percent of grain yield. Therefore, the treatment effect of humic acid is more effective than other treatments on grain yield. Since the sesame seed of Dezfoul native cultivar (1867 kilogram per hectare ) on equal conditions of humic acid intake, was more than Yellow white (1474 kilogram per hectare), therefore, it can be stated that Dezful native cultivar had a higher response to the use of humic acid and therefore produced more yield.

Salinity tension is considered to be one of the major abiotic factors limiting crops productivity. The present research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design with 15 chickpea genotypes (Cicer ariegintum) and three levels of irrigation water salinity 0.7, 3.1, and 6.2 ds/ m with three replications in Dankook University, South Korea in 2014. The results showed that MCC873, MCC870 and MCC776 genotypes had the highest tension tolerance index at salinity level of 6.2 ds/m. Increasing salinity levels reduced the grain yield of chickpea genotypes, but in the tension level of 6.2 ds/m, the MCC873, MCC870, MCC537, MCC776 and MCC10 genotypes had the highest grain yield and were placed in a statistical group. Salinity tension increased sodium concentration and reduced the potassium to sodium ratio of chickpea genotypes leaf, but the MCC873, MCC870, MCC392, MCC78 and MCC10 genotypes had the highest ratio of potassium to sodium leaf, indicating tolerance to tension conditions by these genotypes. Increasing salt concentration reduced the relative humidity of the leaf and increased the concentration of osmolites such as proline and leaf soluble carbohydrates in chickpea genotypes. The highest amount of leaf relative humidity was observed in the salinity level of 6.2 ds / m in MCC10 genotype. The results showed that the MCC873, MCC870, MCC873, MCC537, CC776 and MCC10 genotypes had the highest grain yield, potassium to sodium ratio, leaf relative humidity and leaf soluble carbohydrates while they had the lowest amount of leaf sodium.

Due to high pH in calcareous soils in Iran, nutrient elements are slightly soluble and their absorption by plants is difficult. Sulfur increases the solubility and absorption of soil nutrients by decreasing the soil pH around the root. The present research was carried out based on randomized complete blocks statistical design by four elemental sulfur treatments (zero, 250, 500, and 1000 kilogram per hectare) with Thiobacillus bacteria, in three replications and in four farms (Chogha Narges, Mahidasht, Najaf Abad and Ghomsheh) with different amounts of absorable sulfate (7, 13, 18 and 27 milligram per kilogram soil) in Kermanshah Province in 2015-16 cropping year. The combined analysis results of the present research showed that the effect of sulfur, their location and their interaction on grain yield, protein percentage, one-thousand grain weight and nutrient concentrations in wheat grain in all regions were significant at one percent level. Consumption of 500 and 1000 kilogram of sulfur was in a statistical group, but the difference between them was significant with 250 kilogram. The highest grain yield, one-thousand grain weight and nutrient content concentration in grain were obtained using 1000 kilogram of elemental sulfur per hectare. The highest sulfur level application increased 503, 617, 315 and 246 kilogram per hectare grain and and 6, 7.3, 4.8 and 3.25 percent of wheat grain protein in Chogha Narges, Mahidasht, Najaf Abad and Ghomsheh regions, compared to the control treatment. According to the obtained results, application of 500 kilogram of sulfur per hectare is appropriate with Thiobacillus bacteria.

In order to evaluate the growth physiological characteristics and yield of two sweet corn hybrids in deficit irrigation conditions and foliar applications with compounds containing zinc, the present experiment was carried out in the form of split plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch in 2014. Treatment of irrigation pattern at main plots including full irrigation of the farm or all furrows (control), every other one furrow irrigation, alternative every other one furrow irrigation and at the sub plots foliar application treatment with zinc including non-foliar application(control), application of drop zinc sulfate, application of fast zinc sulfate and two sweet and ultra-sweet corn hybrids were assigned to sub plots in the form of factorial. The results showed that every furrow low irrigation method caused a significant decrease on growth indices and crop yield, but alternative irrigation with the same water consumption had no significantly difference with control treatment. Results showed that the highest amount of grain yield, harvest index, leaf area index, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate was obtained in full irrigation method which had a significant difference at one percent level by every other one furrow low irrigation but it had no significant difference by alternative low irrigation. The effect of zinc drop and zinc fast application on yield indices and growth of sweet corn hybrids versus control (foliar application of water) had a significant difference at one percent level. The highest leaf area index in full irrigation treatment by the amount of 3.8 against every other one furrow irrigation treatment by the amount of 3.3 had a significant difference at one percent level.

In order to investigate the effect of different amounts of soil moisture in different salicylic acid levels on enzymes activity and morphophysiological characteristics of alfalfa, a factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Kurdistan University in summer 2013 in a field condition. The first factor included two levels of normal irrigation (100 percent field capacity) and drought tension (50 percent field capacity) and the second factor included five levels of foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 7, 21, 35, and 49 percent). The results indicated a significant effect of drought tension and foliar application of salicylic acid interaction on biologic yield, leaf number, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments (P

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation interval on genotypes of forage sorghum three separate split plots experiments in time was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the city of Shoushtar in 2014. The factors of experiment included eight genotypes of forage sorghum and were Chin at two different times. Results showed that with increasing irrigation from 7 to 21 days was a 12 percent decrease in plant height, 21 percent in number of leaves per plant, 36 percent in wet forage yield and 60 percent in one time irrigation, dry forage yield was observed. By increasing irrigation interval from 7 to 21 days irrigation growth characteristics of sorghum forage decreased relatively more severe than the tension of 14 days irrigation. In experiment of every seven days one time irrigation, genotypes KFS6 (37.5 ton per hectare), KFS13 (40.2 ton per hectare) and KFS16 (35.2 ton per hectare), in experiment of 14 days one time irrigation, genotypes KFS2 (26 ton per hectare), KFS13 (24.2 ton per hectare), KFS16 (26.2 ton per hectare) and KFS1 (25.8 ton per hectare) produced the highest dry forage yield. In experiment of 21 days one time irrigation, except for KSF6 and KFS2 genotypes, other genotypes had the highest yield. Totally, according to SSI, STI indices and dry forage yield were higher than the mean of all genotypes in tension conditions, genotypes of KFS18, KFS16 and KFS2 were known as superior genotypes in irrigation periods of 14 and 21 days one time of Shushtar was identified and recommended for further researches.