نشریه مهندسی بهداشت محیط
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، بهار 1396)

Technologies, although is useful to make development, has resulted in environmental degradation and resource depletion. One of the most important energy-consuming industries is food factories that led to release of pollutants into the air, water and soil. The aim of this study was evaluated pollutants emission from stack vegetable oil factory in north of Iran in the summer and fall of 2014.
The samples were taken from stack of factory. The rate of pollutants were determined the type of scrubber. Sampling was done twice in the summer which analyses determined the type of scrubber. After installation scrubber and change the type of fuel, Sampling was again conducted in the fall.
The results showed that the installation of scrubber and change the type of fuel led to all of pollutants reached to the environmental standards of Iran.
Modification of fuel and installation the scrubber could be considered as a strategy to reduce pollutants.

Backgrounds and Juice drinks have high nutritional value, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals which are widely consumed due to therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to survey the bacteriological quality of juices in Shahrood city.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the spring and summer seasons of 2014-2015, on juices sold in the Shahrood city study. A self-report questionnaire confirmed by the ministry of health, with certain modifications (as needed), was applied to determine the bacteriological quality of juices and the relationship between food safety knowledge and practices of vendors. In this study, all juice shops (9 units) were considered and the research was carried out by visiting and completing the questionnaires. In order to determine the bacteriological quality of fruit juices, sampling was done from juice shops. The samples the assessed for the presence of Staphylococcus, E. coli, total coliform, yeast and mold counts by using standard methods. The results were compared with the standards of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Then, obtained data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS software.
About 16.12 % of the samples contaminated to Staphylococcus aureus, 22.58% to Escherichia coli, 12.9% to total coliform, 38.7% to yeast and 9.67% to mold. Also, a significant correlation between parameters such as level of literacy (Education) of vendors, amount of sales, site and refrigerator hygiene, personal hygiene, food hygiene, and sanitation was existed (P ≤ 0.001).
The results showed that all biological parameters were higher than the standard level, which was due to the lack of principles and rules of personal hygiene, food hygiene and sanitation. Hence, management, monitoring and purposeful education was much more needed for food safety supervision and training to prevent contamination of food with pathogenic agents, and greater emphasis on compliance with regulations is Article 13.

Health impact assessment (HIA) is used for identification activities and policies that have significant effects on human health. In addition to large projects and plans, it could be contain different fields. The aim of present study was to do a systematic review on available performed HIAs in Iran to express position and pathway which HIA has been passed.
This study is a systematic review which tried to collect all information from scientific databases. We used both English and Persian databases to find any document.
Total obtained items were 181 documents which related items with our topics were 95. The number of items in air pollution, occupational cases, petrochemical, noise pollution, urban subjects, health, principles of HIA, and other fields were 48, 7, 2, 2, 9, 3,14 and10, respectively.
Health Impact Assessment (HIA) has been required for large development projects by the fifth development plan, however, there is a need to HIA by another fields such as air pollution and urban subjects as they have effects on human health. Presenting such assessment before presentation national health standards requirement of Iran indicates this fact. Thus, we expect from politicians and decision makers to address these issues and apply HIA by other fields alongside assessment of national development projects and plans. By doing so, we can bridge the gap between knowledge and action which may result in health promotion in the society.

Factors such as high work load, high number of staff, high traffic, and patients’ critical condition make this unit one of the regions with very high risk of infection. In order to prevent infection in the operating room, several actions are taken including washing and disinfection of floor, wearing the cleaned and disinfected shoes or cover of shoes. This study aimed to investigate the contamination of shoes in the operating rooms of the Alborz University of Medical Sciences hospitals.
The present cross sectional study was done on 150 shoes of personal in the operating room of the Alborz University of Medical Sciences hospitals. Samples were prepared and cultured. Then result of cultures was interpreted by expert laboratory staff. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, χ2 using SPSS19 software.
As of 150 samples, 11% were non-contaminated and 89% were contaminated. Before washing, 96.5% of the shoes were contaminated. After washing, however, the percent of the contaminated samples decreased to 61.7%.
Due to the high contamination of the shoes, it seems that the type of washing or type of detergent used without disinfecting ability is significant and should be reconsidered and corrected.

swimming Pools have recreation and sports aspects and also are a method for the treatment, in the absence of public health monitoring and control of the water, these public places can be an appropriate location for frequency of water-related diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and biological quality of swimming pools in the khoramabad and compare their results with existing standards.
The study was cross – sectional. Water samples of swimming pools take in 60 stage, and temperature, pH, residual chloride, alkalinity, hardness, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and heterotrophic bacteria parameters measured.
The results showed that temperature, turbidity, chlorine residual, pH, alkalinity, hardness, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and heterotrophic bacteria respectively in 30%, 100%, 76.7%, 83.3%, 23.3%, 3.3%, 78.7%, 88.3%, 95%, 93.3% of samples were desirable.
Study results showed that the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water the Khorramabad swimming pools in 2016 have acceptable and standard conditions.

Scaling and corrosion are factors that cause loss of drinking water quality. They create problems for public health, reduce water quality, and decrease useful life of plumbing equipment. Therefore, their control substantially influences public health and water quality. Consequently, the present research intended to study corrosion or scaling indices of groundwater resources in Ghorveh County in Kurdistan Province using the Monte Carlo statistical method in order to reduce uncertainty and increase accuracy in estimating the values of the indices.
Sixty four samples from 16 wells supplying water for Ghorveh County were taken during a 12- month period in 2012-2013 in order to study the qualitative characteristics of water and identify the corrosion and scaling potential of the water in the region using the Langelier, Ryznar, Larson-Skold, and Puckorius indices.
The mean values for the Langelier, Ryznar, Puckorius, and Larson-Skold indices were 0.5449±0.015, 6.8878±0.017, 7.3754±0.0078, and 0.0919±0.0390, respectively. Moreover, the estimated probabilities for the occurrence of corrosion and scaling phenomena were 6.59% and 47.57% for the Langelier index, less than 11.77% and 54.33% for the Ryznar index, less than 17.47% and 36.33% for the Puckorius index, and 0.15% and 99.74% for the Larson-Skold index.
Conclusions All of the studied indices yielded identical results for the water status: they indicated a relatively high scaling potential of the water in the region. Based on Pearson’s test, the most important factors influencing the values of the studied indices were pH and concentration of calcium ions.

Due to the importance of water consumptions, this study aims to investigate the spatial trend of surface water quality along Kan and Karaj Rivers using three quality indices: NSFWQI, IRWQIsc and WQI.
The information of water quality parameters of 20 monitoring stations was collected to investigate water quality parameters along two mentioned rivers during 2012-2013, and water quality of two rivers were calculated using mentioned three quality indices. The parameters of TDS, FC, EC, nitrate and turbidity were used to measure the NSFWQI and IRWQIsc indices, and TDS, nitrate, and sulfate were used to calculate the WQI index. The measured parameters were compared with standards of drinking. The monitoring stations were grouped by cluster analysis and finally, the pattern of changes in water quality parameters and relevant quality indices were analyzed spatially using ArcGIS software.
The water quality of Kan and Karaj Rivers based on NSFWQI index were in the range of bad and average quality, respectively. According to IRWQISC index, water quality were in the range of very bad and relatively good, respectively and according to the WQI index water quality was in the range of good quality. The quality of upstream was acceptable for drinking and irrigation, on the basis of medium and good conditions of NSFWQI and IRWQISC, respectively. However, the downstream of both rivers are heavily polluted. The results of the clustering analysis stated that moving towards upstream-downstream the quality of water decreases along both rivers.
The spatial trend analysis of water quality parameters along the rivers plays a crucial role for identifying the spatial variation of water quality. Also, availability of clean water depends on the geographical locations and topological situation across the basin.

Determination of microorganisms growth kinetic constant is one of the most important parameters for evaluation of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants efficiency. Monod Equation and activated sludge models (ASM1) are one of the most important relationships for design of activated sludge biological process.
Data obtained using a laboratory pilot in accordance with the amount of aeration, temperature and pH and the concentration of the feed inlet to the Ekbatan wastewater treatment plantin Tehran. Changes in microbial growth by measuring MLVSS and COD changes of input substrate in the range of 50-500 mg/L was investigated.
The results of the ASM1 model for kinetic coefficients of Ks were determined as 31.2 gCOD.m-3, µH as 3.9 day-1, bH as 0.077 day-1 and YH as 0.51 gCOD XH (gCOD SS)-1. The difference between ASM1 and Common equations in activated sludge processes was 7.6%, 9.2%, 9.4% and 6.9% for Ks, µH, bH and YH, respectively.
Evaluation of Y, kd, k0 and Ks parameters in operation of Ekbatan wastewater treatment plant showed that ASM1 model could well determine the coefficients and therefore the conditions of biological treatment is appropriate.