نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال یکم شماره 2 (پاییز 1395)

1. Clay minerals¡ i.e. hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates¡ include various amounts of iron¡ magnesium¡ alkali and alkaline earth metals and other cations found on some planetary surfaces. In this paper¡ kaolin¡ which is an abundant and inexpensive mineral in Iran¡ was used as a starting material for synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. The studies show that the calcination of kaolin before the leaching is necessary for solubilizing metal oxides in acid solution. It has been reported that¡ metakaolin is more reactive than kaolin under chemical treatments. The best conditions for obtaining more reactive metakaolin have been discussed by different authors who reported values between 600 and 800 ˚C. However¡ treatment of clay minerals with acid or alkaline solutions has long been known as a preparation method for porous materials. In general¡ the octahedral layers containing Mg¡ Fe and/or Al cations are dissolved selectively by an acid solution¡ leaving the residual tetrahedral layer to form a porous material. Acid leaching has the advantage of being more effective with difficult ores¡ requiring lower temperatures and leaching times compared to alkaline solutions. It also requires less pretreatment than alkaline leaching¡ most notably because the particle size from the grinding process does not need to be as small. In acid leaching¡ sulfuric acid is a desirable leaching agent¡ nevertheless nitric and hydrochloric acids can also be used¡ but are typically not due to their higher cost and corrosiveness. In this study¡ in order to calcine and leach the kaolin¡ the temperature of 600 ˚C and the sulfuric acid were exploited respectively. As mentioned before¡ basification of acid leachate at different pH values forms precipitates with different appearances and chemical compositions; i.e. the method applied in acquiring metal oxides is pH-selective. At pH above 11¡ the metal oxides¡ especially iron oxides¡ are deposited as nano-sized precipitates with minimum diameter around 20 nm.
2. Methodology The clay mineral was grounded using a disc mill to particle sizes less than the 75 µm. The clay (Gonabad¡ Iran) was calcined at 600 ˚C for 24 h to form anhydrous metakaolinite. The 40 g of calcined powder was treated in 200 ml of sulfuric acid solution (2.5 M H2SO4) at 90 ˚C for 2–5.5 h with stirring. It was then washed with dilute H2SO4 (0.5 M)¡ followed by 3 washings with deionized water and filtered. Different volumes of sodium hydroxide solution (2N NaOH) were added to acidic filtrate and a dark brown suspension was obtained. The suspensions were washed in the centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 5minutes with water (4×40 mL) to ensure complete removal of unreacted alkali and water soluble salts. The powders formed¡ after drying at 110˚C in an oven¡ was sintered at 500 ºC in the furnace for 3 h.
The chemical composition of the starting material prepared by selective leaching was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF¡ Bruker AXS S4 Explorer WDXRF Spectrometer). The morphologies and chemical compositions of the metal oxides¡ obtained from basification of acid-leachates¡ were investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) (TESCAN MIRA3-XMU). The coating ability of nano-structured metal oxides by deposition on nylon filter paper were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM¡ KYKY-EM3200) at 26 kV.
3. The chemical compositions of the acid-treated solids were listed in Table 1. Acid treatment increases SiO2 content and decreases Al2O3 content. The composition changes rapidly during the early stage of leaching but after about 2 h¡ the rate gradually decreases. Treatment for about 6 h made the content in Al2O3 decrease from 20.3 to 10.1%¡ while made the content in SiO2 increase from 59.5 to 78.6%. Leaching also reduced the content of Fe2O3 ¡CaO ¡MgO ¡Na2O and K2O.
The clay mineral consists of considerable amount of crystalline silicon oxide along with amorphous oxides of silicon¡ iron¡ aluminum¡ calcium¡ sulfur¡ magnesium and sodium. Acid leachate was precipitated with NaOH to obtain metal oxides. This method is pH-selective¡ and products of various compositions may be formed at different pH (Table 2). At pH=14¡ the major products obtained from the leachate included iron¡ sulfur and sodium oxides with impurities of aluminum¡ magnesium¡ calcium and silicon oxides; by contrast¡ at pH below 10¡ aluminium oxide was added to these predominant products by decreasing the amount of iron oxides.
FE-SEM micrographs of metal oxides along with related EDX elemental analyses are presented in Figure 1. It was found that the so-obtained nanoparticles size become smaller and more uniformed¡ as the pH increases. From our local market-based reports and from sulfur contents¡ this clay mineral seems to contain significant amounts of iron pyrite. Pyrite¡ i.e. iron persulfide (Fe2S)¡ may leads to ferrous oxide¡ ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate by oxidation. The iron sulfates lose their crystallization water by heating and in the following¡ form the black (Fe3O4) and reddish brown (Fe2O3) iron oxides by releasing the sulfur dioxide and trioxide.
4. The use of clay minerals for extracting iron oxide was evaluated. Iron oxide extraction was pHselective and¡ if not carefully controlled¡ could be easily contaminated. By raising the pH levels¡ metal oxides¡ especially iron oxides¡ are deposited as nano-sized precipitates with minimum diameter around 20 nm. The survey was made in addition to the other experiments which were performed to synthesize mesoporous silica and nano silica from the kaolin deposit. This kind of synthesis is prone to following more.

1. Introduction
The results of a Prefeasibility study may be the first information of the final project observed by decision makers and investors of large mining companies. Prefeasibility studies have been changed to a real decision point. For these reasons, Prefeasibility studies should be prepared carefully by experienced people and their results should be eligible. The shale is some fine grained sedimentary rock consisting mainly of clay or mud.
2. To determine the properties of the minerals, the various parts of region should be sampled, so that the systematic samplings occur in mineralized zones, and by studying and analyzing the samples, their properties are acquired. The important point should be noted when sampling is that the provided samples should be the representative of all or some part of the mineral in order to judge the minerals due to information derived from them. Shale is applied widely in metallurgical industries, ceramics, casting and melting furnaces used mainly in the manufacture of bricks.
3. Results
The continuation of operations and the description of services in exploration project, including preparation of excavations profile with proper and systematic sampling from excavations have been shown the relative grade results and as a result, the economic deposit. In figure 1, there has been shown a view of the shale in the trenches (4).
4. To justify the continued mineral exploration or to invest in mining, prefeasibility studies are necessary. Sampling through various steps including the analysis of major oxides, laboratory baking and volume baking of excavation in the region have showed that there is the possibility of production of bricks from reserves in the region. The continuation of mining activities in this area is recommended.

1. Qom as one of the provinces with the lowest amount of rainfall in Iran, is facing adverse effects of growing population, developing industrial and agriculture activities along with rainfall reduction, temperature and wind increase and unbridle exploitation of water resources over recent past years. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the climatic variable factors trend to be considered in managing, planning and proper development of the province. The climate change is the main challenge in area. Hence, determining the climate change trend and identifying the results and impacts of climate change is a crucial action and first step in planning. Identification the climate change trend is the main aims of this manuscript.
2. Methodology The area of study: The study carried out in Qom province, which located at 50° 3' to 51° 55' N, 34° 3' to 35° 13' E in center of Iran. Qom province is about 120 km from Tehran (Figure 1). The area has a semi and arid climate with hot summer and cold winters. The study is limit to the city of Qom. City of Qom located in height of 878 meters from sea level. The main synoptic station in area is the Shokuhieh station. Therefore, the data provided by this station is considered as base for analysis of climate change trends.
The identification of trends in Climatic factor could be determines by different method and techniques. Whenever the climatic factors do not follow a normal distribution, then the raking tests will be an appropriate test. Man-Kendal test is one of raking test that able to evaluate the climatic factors.
The precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind are four main factors, which are examined in this manuscript. We used the synoptic data from 1989 up to 2014 to analysis the changes trend based on suggested method.
3. To Mann-Kendall test has been used to process a few climatic variables from 1989-2014 in the area. This suggests average minimum and average annual temperature have experienced dramatic change and have positive significant variability at 99% reliability (figure 2,3,4 and 5), but average annual rainfall shows no significant trend as figure 6 shows. Average annual relative humidity fluctuates wildly and in 2010, after a sudden change, follows a noticeably upward trend at 95% reliability (Figure 7 and 8). Average wind speed has had a rising trend since 2001, but no sudden change occurred until 2013 as illustrated in Figure 9. Almost all noticeable upward trends and sudden climatic changes happened over late four years of research. Intensive rainfalls, water/wind erosion, desertification, and increase in the intensified droughts and decline in water resources as well groundwater level and quality are among adverse effects of climate change.
4- The result indicates that the area experiences some kind of changes. However, the main point is the intensive the changes in recent years. Almost all noticeable upward trends and sudden climatic changes happened over late four years of research. Intensive rainfalls, water/wind erosion, desertification, and increase in the intensified droughts and decline in water resources as well groundwater level and quality are among adverse effects of climate change.
5- Climate changes has begun in area. The main changes are related to the recent years. The analysis of trend of main climatic factor indicates that changes mainly reflect by temperature and wind. Although the change in rainfall is limit but weak signal of change in rainfall observed. It seems that changes in rainfall will be intensified in nest following years. The general trend indicates that climate of area will be tougher and its impact will be intensified the process of desertification. As result, the problems, which associated the desertification, will be exacerbated.

1- Planning and urban design characteristic in third millennium, planning on in base of nature keeping and principles of sustainable development respecting in all activities are related to the urban problems. Urban nature, such as parks is essential to quality of life human as a social service provider and a key component of sustainable development. Undoubtedly today the traditional concept of green space and their role in metropolitan areas has been changed and an environment with full of trees and green object, have been defined new functions to create. Urban Agricultural Park as a new type of park is one of the applicable ideas in the city's development. In the park, citizens will experience a kind of social relationships health and the economy participation. Asadabad city is one of the cities in the Hamadan province, suffers from a lack of green and various space. So designing and implementing of various spaces with the definition of new applications is strongly felt in this city. For this purpose, the idea of design urban agricultural park was introduced in Asadabad city.
Given that public participation and training to learn about planting and harvesting will be the most important elements in this plan we decided to select space western area of Sayyed Jamaleddin Asadabadi University. This area currently do not have any particular economic use and because of natural spring it does not exist water problem in the future.
2- Planning strategies and designing of urban agriculture
According to mentioned object abut urban agricultural and the principles derived from international experiences in the community garden, designed area should be based on the principles of sustainable development.
3- Physical plan and determining of uses in the Community Garden
In physical planning program, we try to determine user and achieve aims of Community Garden. In general, this type of garden is for educational purposes, research, recreation, outdoor recreation for people and professionals. Users of this type of garden, are consist of individuals, professors and students, and those interested in the agriculture and tourism.
4- Strategic Plan
In generally strategic plan includes strategies for designer how to deal with different parts and surrounding area of the Community Garden. In other words, strategic plan will help us to reach the mentioned goals. According to the current situation and defined physical plan, the area can be divide 7 Terrace (Figure 3): Terrace 1. This Terrace are Including market sales and exhibition of cultivated agricultural products Terrace
2. This Terrace are Including Educational farm, office building, prayer rooms, toilets and composting workshops Terrace
3. This Terrace are Including area of public green space with a playground for children Terrace
4. This Terrace are Including single-family farming plots Terrace
5. This Terrace are including agriculture plots Multi-family and group Terrace
6. This Terrace are Including Greenhouse production of the Faculty of Agriculture Terrace
7. This Terrace are Including farm cultivation of medicinal herbs and plants of the Faculty of Agriculture
5- The main feature of the campus intended to build Community Garden, is its location provide access to citizens, also due to their placement at the beginning of Kermanshah-Hamedan way can also be used for passengers. This park by creating use of waste lands of campus, can use the participation of university professors and college students in the management and operation of the park. In addition it can be used as a place to spend some practical lessons by college students and training for agricultural subjects to the people that have an important role. Companionship of people in all these activities lead individuate to have better relation with nature in the city. A significant part of activities defined in this park can be made employment and income.

1. The urban environment is one of the foundations of life in cities and urban development with ignoring the urban environment, causes the spread environmental hazards. Sustainable development is a comprehensive solution for preserving environmental resources of cities. Pavement is one of the major of urbanization that if it not done in line of sustainable development will cause environmental problems. The study trying to evaluate of environmental and sustainable development of different methods of pavement by using some multi-criteria analysis techniques. Results of the study focused on the optimal method of pavement among the global methods (Bituminous asphalt, Porous asphalt, Roller compressed concrete or RCC, Foamed concrete).
2. Multi Ceriteria Decision Making Multi-criteria analysis process in a group of two or more decision that each has different priorities and approaches to the problem of decision making. In this case, the purpose of group decision-making, to achieve the optimal choice from among a set of options is established as the most agreement among decision-makers. Equivalent numerical values are weighted qualitatively as follows: Positive criteria: very little (1) little (2), relatively little (3), medium (4), relatively much (5), much (6), very much (7). Negative criteria: very little (7), little (6), relatively little (5), medium (4), relatively much (3) much (2), very much (1). In this study of four common methods of analysis were used: 1.2 The multi-criteria analysis methods 1.1.2 Weighted sum This method is the easiest and most versatile multi-criteria analysis. In this way, all the criteria to become a standard scale. This scale, usually between zero and one option that a number represents the best performance.
2.1.2 TOPSIS This method is from distance-based methods. In this way, the choice should be the shortest distance from the ideal solution and have the farthest from non-ideal solution.
3.1.2 Adaptive planning The basis of this method is based on the concept of the ideal displacement. In this way, prioritization and ranking options based on their distance from the point is undesirable.
4.1.2 Ordered weighted averaging operation method (With the parted quantifier): This function is one-dimensional mapping of the n-dimensional space: F: Rn → R. This function is used to calculate the intelligent multi-criteria analysis, which relies on an n-dimensional weight vector is called. In this study, three of pavements are considered which conventional bituminous asphalt pavement compare with other pavements. Reducing air pollution during the production and operation of pavement, reduce the waste of water resources and its management and waste reduction of energy resources and recycling waste in the pavements were studied in this research to evaluate pavements construction.
3. Based on the criteria and weights considered in Table 1 Ranking of pavement is equal to the values in Table 2. Analysis on Table 2, foam concrete and asphalt Bituminous as the most appropriate and worst option are specified. Other noteworthy that only in some cases, roller compacted concrete and porous asphalt pavement moved in the rankings.
4. According to the research result the foam concrete is as the best option among the proposed options for urban pavement that it is more compatible with the Green Way and it received the highest rating in criteria have been proposed. Also, application priority of pavement techniques in the Iran are: foam concrete, porous asphalt, roller compacted concrete and bituminous asphalt. According to this study, the conventional method used in pavement (bituminous asphalt) is considered unsuitable options.

1- Since the share of precipitation in Iran as the dry and semi-dry country is about a third of the global average (mm 250), actually in many parts of Iran including South Khorasan province and Ghaen plain, the main source of water for agriculture, drinking and the industry is groundwater. Groundwater sources because of being beneath underlying soil, are less sensitive and vulnerable than surface water from extensively and spot pollution sources caused by human activity but because of the ease of purification in case of contamination require proper management (Babiker et all. 2005). In order to prevent pollution of water resources, we need to identify an area that is high potential to contamination and high vulnerability to pollution sources. Vulnerability index is dimensionless and depends on properties of geological, hydrological and hydro geological of aquifer (Antonakos & Lambrakis, 2007). One of the most common methods used to estimate aquifer vulnerability is DRASTIC method that is provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency (Aller et al., 1987). Lots of studies in the literature was performed about groundwater vulnerability assessment with DRASTIC method in the world such as Jyangyn area located around the Yangtze River (You-Hailin et al. 2011), Romania (Gabriela Breabăn & Paiu, 2012), the aquifer Vdykvfrynja located in Jordan (Rakad Taany et al. 2013), Tunisia (Hamza et al. 2007), Brazil (Nober et al. 2007) Syria (Katta et al. 2010) America (Evans, 1990) and Italy (Vias et al. 2006). Also in Iran DRASTIC method is used for evaluating groundwater vulnerability in case of bazargan & poldasht (Asghari Moghaddam et al., 1388), Hashtgerd (Azad shahraki, et al., 1389), Davarzan (Amir Ahmadi et al., 1390), Neyshabur (Amirahmadi et al., 1392).
In this study, According to the importance of Ghaen ain plain in agriculture and saffron production, and also in line with sustainable development of groundwater resources in the plain, vulnerability assessment and determining the areas at risk in the region is considered. For this purpose, according to acceptable performance model DRASTIC, this model was used to determine the vulnerability of the Plains.
2- Materials and Methods study area
Ghaen plain is Sub-basins of KHAF- Petregan salt (Code 51) in South Khorasan Province which is located between Longitude 59ú 11ʹ to 58 úú 34ʹ east and latitudes between 33ú 3ʹ to 33 úú 26ʹ north. Figure 1 shows position of Ghaen aquifer into the country.
3- DRASTIC model
DRASTIC model is a descriptive method (index-overlapping) for aquifer vulnerability assessment. DRASTIC model basically gives the necessary information about the area can be used as theoretical background For the use of different methods to assess the risk of aquifer vulnerability.
The advantage of this method is that provides relatively simple algorithms that can be able to integrate a large amount of spatial data and Presented maps for the index and vulnerability classification. The basis of these methods is based on potential sources of contamination in the aquifer.
4- In this regard, by collecting input parameters of DRASTIC model in the area include depth of water, net recharge, aquifer and soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone media and Hydraulic conductivity, the Ghaen Plain vulnerability assessment was carried out. According to Equation 1 aquifer vulnerability map was prepared in GIS software.
Equation (1)
The results of this study showed that the index of vulnerability DRASTIC model for Ghaen plain is between 75 and 152. Figure 2 shows the vulnerability of Ghaen plain.
The DRASTIC results indicated As seen in Figure 3 using the Baloosha classification (2006) in the range of about 0.44 percent of the area without risk of contamination, so low vulnerability in the range of 10.88 percent, less vulnerability in the area 80.52 percent, 6.42 percent have mild to moderate vulnerability and 1.71 percent of potential vulnerabilities within the region is moderate to high.
Also according to the Baloosha (2006) and Aller (1987) classification DRASTIC index was calculated. That about 6.29, 91.34 and 2.36 percent of the aquifer area was located in low, medium, and high vulnerable classes, respectively. Noted the high vulnerable zones were located in northeastern part of the area. The results can be applied for making management decisions in line with the sustainable use of groundwater resources in the Ghaen plain.