مجله تعالی بالینی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 13، بهار 1396)

Attachment styles are the effective elements in the formation and posing any question about the problems of aging and how to deal with these issues. This study aimed to review attachment styles and its associated factors in the elderly. Using keyword search about the title or abstract in the databases like Magiran, SID, Medlib, Iranmedex, Google Scholar for Persian language studies and the articles with their full text in English on the databases as Proquest Elsevier, Ovid, PubMed, Science direct, Google Scholar using the following key words in both Persian English, the search was done. The key words covered Attachment model, Attachment style, Attachment pattern, with the individual terms, aging, elder, aged, old people elderly. Out of these ones, during 2000 and end of the 2016, 83 articles in the field of attachment style in the elderly group with 60 years old and older, were extracted. Of these, 19 articles were selected as most relevant to our objectives and were examined. The results showed that insecure attachment style was closely related to the increasing number of problems of the elderly in this period. Some studies reported the score of safe attachment style in the elderly living at home higher than the elderly living in nursing homes. The avoidant or anxious attachment styles were common patterns among the residents of nursing homes. There was a significant relationship between attachment patterns and chronic diseases and sleep problems in the elderly. The pattern of attachment has an effective role in decision-making, depression and anxiety in the elderly. The attachment styles are also influenced by gender. Secure attachment style has increased by expanding the communication with the elderly. The findings of the studies showed that attachment styles can predict elderly happiness, self-esteem and self-care behaviors associated with strong attachment styles dimensions. Improving the communication with family and living at home beside the family are effective in the correct pattern of attachment, and this improvement can help to prevent many diseases related to the mental status of elderly people.

During the last decades, with increased mortality of immunocompromised patients due to increasing of antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections, needs essential affords to develop therapeutic agents with less toxicity, effectiveness and new mechanism of action. Therefore, usage of natural products such as flavonoids to treat microbial diseases have been increasingly developed. This paper will be an overview of the structural characteristics of flavonoids as well as the antimicrobial activity of new derivatives flavones against microbial pathogens especially on fungi. In this study, we Searched data base such as PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, and Google scholar to have comprehensive review on antimicrobial activity of flavonoids derivatives. Nowadays, it is shown that polyphenols that commonly derived from cereals, herbs and spices have different biological effects on human health, which among polyphenols, increasingly usage of the flavonoids, are becoming the subject of anti- microbial research. Also, optimization of these compounds through structural alteration might lead to development of acceptable antimicrobial agents. Therefore, further studies on other structures of flavonoids as antimicrobial agents is important for progress of control and treatment strategies for infections caused by pathogenic drug resistant bacteria and fungi.

With increasing spread of cancer and extensive studies that conducted in this field, epigenetic factors are involved in addition to genetic and environment factors as contributing factor in cancer. Chromatin modification such as histone acetylation is one of the most important of these processes that histone acetyltransferase done it. Histone acetyltransferases are a group of enzymes that transmit acetyl group to lysine residue of histones and nonhistone proteins. These enzymes on the bases of their catalytic domains divide into different groups that most important of them are GNAT, MYST, CBP/P300, SRC/P160 and others. Acetylation has important effect on the dynamics and chromatin structure and often increases gene expression. In this article we search data base such as PubMed, Google scholar and Scopus to process HATs role in cancer. HATs have an effective role in apoptosis, signaling pathways, metastasis, cell cycle, DNA repair and other mechanisms involved in cancer. Effect of these enzymes on mentioned processes doesnt same and in different situation and cancers can be different, so aberrant function of histone acetyltransferases cause uncontrollable cell proliferation and Signs of malignancy. These results not only introduce histone acetyltransferase as therapeutic target in cancer but also Emphasizes on Necessity of further research and design drugs on this basis.

Generalized anxiety disorder is a prevalent, chronic and disabling mental disorder. Several biological and psychological factors can contribute to the development and maintenance of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. So far, different behavioral, cognitive, metacognitive and emotional models have been presented about worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study was review models of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed, SID and Magiran databases were searched using related keywords and six models were selected from among those published during 1990-2016. In other word, the results showed that cognitive avoidance model (Borkovec, 1994), metacognitive model (Wells, 1995), intolerance of uncertainty model (Dugas, Gagnon, Ladouceur & Freeston, 1998), acceptance-based model (Roemer & Orsillo, 2002), emotional dysregulation model (Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2002) and integrative model (Roemer, Orsillo & Barlow, 2002) are six of main models about worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Although the literature review indicates empirical evidence supporting the main component of these models, but there is mixed evidence. Many of these components are not specific of generalized anxiety disorder and occur in many other disorders. In addition, this disorder comorbidity with other disorders is a rule rather than the exception. However, the results of present study are the importance of developing transdiagnostic models.

Saliva is a complex fluid consisting of secretions from the major and minor salivary glands. Similarly to blood, saliva, is consist of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, anti-microbial components and growth factors. Saliva, as a diagnostic fluid, has distinctive advantages over serum as whole saliva can be collected noninvasively by individuals with limited training using simple equipment’s. Dental caries and periodontitis are important oral infections that if we can diagnose them as soon as possible, prevention may occur. In this study, we Searched data base such as PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, and Google scholar to have comprehensive review on diagnostic role of saliva in dental caries and periodontitis. Nowadays, biomarkers in saliva are important clues in diagnosis. They are especially used in oral infections detection and prognosis. On the other hand, analysis of saliva can offer a cost-effective approach to screen for a larger population. So, improvement of using saliva and detecting biomarkers can be a helpful and useful step in diagnosis dental caries and periodontitis.