نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، پاییز 1396)

Phenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins) are the most important natural antioxidants. Rosa damascene Mill. is one of the most natural medicine, which has been used in Iranian ancient and were cultivated traditionally in different parts of Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate the quantitative and qualitative properties of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Rosa damascene Mill. under the influence of two types of fertilizers (livestock manure and fertilizer), as well as two irrigation methods (flushing and dripping) in Kashan university (2015). The total phenolic, flavonoidal, alkaloids, tannin contents and the antioxidant activity were measured by spectrophotometer and DPPH methods, respectively, then all data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 19 and analysis of variance. The results of the phytochemical test confirmed the presence of secondary compounds such as tannin, anthocyanin and flavonoids, and the absence of alkaloids in the extract of this species. Also, the total flavonoid content in the sample used for chemical fertilizer was slightly higher than the other samples. The Livestock manure and flood irrigation treatments showed the highest and lowest phenolic compounds respectively and drip irrigation treatment had the most antioxidant properties. The results of this research were showed that the irrigation and nutrition can be controlled the production, quantity and quality of secondary compounds in plants.

Nepeta L., belongs to Lamiaceae family, is containing different annual and perennial species which are found in different parts of Asia, Europe and North Africa. In order to evaluate the morphological diversity, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity between 6 populations of Nepeta nuda and Nepeta crassifolia, the aerial parts of these plants in flowering stages were collected in summer 2015 from Ardabil and east Azerbaijan provinces. The morphological traits included plant height, number of sub-branches, leaf length and width, number of nodes, inflorescence length, internode length and length of sub-branch were measured. Methanolic extract were obtained by maceration, phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalto method and antioxidant activity were measurement DPPH radical scavenging capacity method, respectively. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications and the comparison of data average was done by LSD test at 5% probability level. Results were showed that the first population (Nepetacrassifolia - Razi) was superior in morphological characteristics compared to other populations of this species. The highest antioxidant activity (74.96%)and total phenolic content (9.88mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of fresh weight), was obtained from the leaves and flowers of population 3 (Heyran), respectively. Maximum plant height, leaf length and width, number of nodes were observed in population 6 (Meshkin) of Nepeta nuda and also the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were perceived in leaves of population 5 (Heris) and flowers of population 4 (Meshkin-Heris), respectively. Generally the most total phenolic content and antioxidant activity between two species were observed in population 3 (Heyran) which is belong to the Nepeta crassifolia. It seems that the height of sea level had significant effect on populations phenolic content and antioxidant activity. So the populations of 1 and 6, which both species were desirable at evaluated morphological traits so that these populations can be considered in breeding and domestication programs.

Present study was done to evaluate the effect of salinity and salicylic acid in solid and liquid culture media on callus growth and biochemical parameters Stevia like wet and dry weight, photosynthesis pigments, antioxidant activity, total and reduce sugar were measured. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications, two different concentrations of salicylic acid (0 and 100µM) and salt (0 and 50mM) in solid and liquid culture media containing 0.5 mg/l NAA and 1 mg/l BA. Result were showed that the using of elicitor and culture and the interaction between the treatments had a significant effect on the measured quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In comparing to the control, the fresh weight callus decreased as affected by salinity and salicylic acid. In contrast, the dry weight of callus significantly increased when treated with elicitors. Internal pigment density of the callus increased when treated by elicitors. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in liquid medium with containing of 100µM salicylic acid. Total sugar content was observed in medium containing 50 mM salinity. In contrast and compared to the other treatments, the content of reduced sugar in solid culture and under salicylic acid treatment increased significantly. According to the results, duo to increases of metabolit production in Stevia, its need to considering of metabolite culture in invitro conditions and the liquid culture is recommended, while the solid culture would be nessecory to biomass production.

Nepeta cephalotes Boiss. and Nepeta gloeocephala Rech.f. are the exclusive species ,which are distributed in Irano-Turani region from Iran. The purpose of this study was identifying the comparision of essential oil composition from these two species in fresh and dry conditions. The aerial parts of N. gloeocephala in blooming were gathered from kashsn habitat in Ghamsar and Ghohrood (1700 m) and N.cephalotes were collected from Damavand by the river (1500 m) in May and June 2015, respectively. The essential oils were obtained in fresh and dried conditions by hydro distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by (GC) and (GC-MS). The results were showed that the yield of essential oils of both species in dry condition was higher than fresh condition. In Nepeta gloeocephala 29 compounds were identified, which that the 1,8-cineoles (28.9%, 36.5%) had the highest percentage in wet and dry condition, respectively, but in Nepeta cephaloutes 17 compounds were identified, which that 4aα, 7α, 7aα neptata-lactone (wet 43%, dry 64%) were the highest amount in dry condition.Nepeta cephalotes Boiss. and Nepeta gloeocephala Rech.f. are the exclusive species ,which are distributed in Irano-Turani region from Iran. The purpose of this study was identifying the comparision of essential oil composition from these two species in fresh and dry conditions. The aerial parts of N. gloeocephala in blooming were gathered from kashsn habitat in Ghamsar and Ghohrood (1700 m) and N.cephalotes were collected from Damavand by the river (1500 m) in May and June 2015, respectively. The essential oils were obtained in fresh and dried conditions by hydro distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by (GC) and (GC-MS). The results were showed that the yield of essential oils of both species in dry condition was higher than fresh condition. In Nepeta gloeocephala 29 compounds were identified, which that the 1,8-cineoles (28.9%, 36.5%) had the highest percentage in wet and dry condition, respectively, but in Nepeta cephaloutes 17 compounds were identified, which that 4aα, 7α, 7aα neptata-lactone (wet 43%, dry 64%) were the highest amount in dry condition.

Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch. belongs to Asteraceae family, is widely found in different regions of Iran and used for treatment of different diseases. In this research, apical shoots of Achillea wilhelmsii at three different developmental stages includingvegetative (May), flowering (June) and end of flowering (July) stages were collected from natural habitat in 2016 from Qushchi region (Urmia) in West Azerbaijan peovince. Essential oil were obtained by water - distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results were showed that at different harvest times, the color, yield and the quality and quantity of essential oils were also different. The camphor (57.5%) and camphene (8.56%) were the main components of plant essential oil at the before flowering stage and their amount were reduced after flowering stage. In contrast, the eucalyptol (13.18%), borneol (18.91%), bicyclo heptanes (0.43%) and thujane (15.35%) had the highest amount at the end of flowering stage. Analysis of results were showed that plant essential oils have active ingredients of different quality and quantity at various growth stages and accordingly will have different pharmaceutical effects.

This study was in order to investigation of morphological, ecological requirement, phenology, ethnopharmacological information and phytochemical of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in northern Khorasan province (Bovanlou -1728 m), randomly. In many field observation, the important ecological , phonological parameters and the ethnopharmacological data were recorded . The aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected in July, 2013 and dried. The hydro alcoholic extract was obtained by maceration method. The amounts of total phenols and flavonoids were determined in three replicates by using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The result were showed that the plant vegetative growth occurs in May, followed by flowering in the late June till the end of December. The seeds ripening is achieved during the late November. Based on a floristic study, 30 plant species from 29 genera were identified belonging to 17 families. The richest families were Asteraceae with 6 species (20%) and Lamiaceae with 4 species (13%), respectively. The highest proportion of life forms belonged to therophytes (43%) and geophytes (27%), respectively. Likewise, the highest proportion of chorotypes belonged mediterranean elements (40%), followed by to Irano-Touranian elements (36%). The ethnopharmacological survey were showed that it has been used traditionally as antiseptic and stimulating to treat of gastric ailments, fever few, common cold and digestive discomfort. According to results, TF and TP content of plant were 21.2 ± 0.19 mg QUE g-1 DW and 91 ± 0.06 mg GAE g-1 DW respectively.

Recognition of genetic diversity and kinship relationships in Citrus is necessary for planning and applying breeding programs, preserving biodiversity, recording new cultivars, and performing molecular studies. In this study, the genetic diversity of 29 varieties of Citrus including: oranges, mandarins, sour orange, pummel, and natural types were investigated by using ISSR marker. In total, 97 bands were obtained using eight primers in which 78 bands were polymorph. The highest and the lowest polymorphism were in ISSR-8 and ISSR-5 with 90% and 73%, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.18, which the highest belonged to ISSR-6 and ISSR-8 (0.27) and the lowest belonged to ISSR-1 (0.12). Dendrogram resulting from cluster analysis of UPGMA method with simple matching similarity coefficient classified varieties into five distinct groups. Pummelo was distinguished from the other genotypes in a single cluster. Unshiu mandarin (Sugiyama) was classified into a group and separated from Clemantine mandarin (Nules). All genotypes including Siavaraz 1, Siavaraz 2, Siavaraz 3, Siavaraz 4, natural types, Parson brown orange and Washington navel orange were clustered into the same group and showed high similarity to gather. The studey of molecular marker can provide useful information about the level of polymorphism and variation in citrus fruits which indicating it’s apply in detection of citrus germplasm.