نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار 1397)

Juniperus communis L. ssp. hemisphaerica is a dioeciously wild growing shrub, which is belonged to Cupressaceae family and could found in the Alborz Mountain in north of Iran. The essential oil of Juniper is used as anti-depressant, anti-rheumatic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, antidiabetic, appetizer and diuretic properties. In this research the effects of altitude on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the essential oil in different gender of this plant was investigated. The aerial part of different gender were harvested from two altitudes (2200 and 2700 m) in summer 2011. The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results were showed that the foliage of male plants in both altitude contained higher oil content (2.74%-2.85%) than the female plants (2.20%-2.59%). The α-pinene and sabinene were the main components of essential oils in both foliages, but the highest amount of α-pinene (48.81%) and sabinene (44.47%) were observed in 2200 m in both foliages, respectively. Monoterpenes were the main compounds, which identified in these essential oils.

Cressa cretica L., due to producing of some various compounds, which could be used as a source of many herbal medicines. The present research were studied in antioxidant, antibacterial properties and the ability of interaction with human serum albumin (HSA) of Cressa cretica L. So the leaves of the plant were collected in vegetative stage from Sistan in 2015. Three kinds of extraction such as aquatic, methanolic and ethanolic extracts were obtained by using maceration method. The antioxidant activity were measured by DPPH method. The interaction of ethanolic extraction with HSA was performed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The Anti-bacterial properties of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were investigated by MIC and MBC methods. The results were showed that the lowest and highest extraction efficiency were related to the aquatic and ethanolic, respectively. The ethanolic extract had the highest antioxidant activity in inhibition percentage of DPPH than other extracts (56, 38 and 34%) respectively. Study of the interaction with HSA demonstrated the changes in protein secondary structure and the binding constant in that obtained 0.49 × 102 ppm-1.This plant showed acceptable bactericidal activity and MIC values were higher than the MBC.

Seed pretreatment with salicylic acid plays an important role in improving germination and increasing resistance of plants to environmental stresses. Delay in germination, decrease in the rate and percentage of germination are from the effects of salinity stress in germination stage. In order to find out the effects of salinity stress along with salicylic priming on seed germination of Hairless Catmint (Nepeta nuda L.), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted using salt stress at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), three levels of alleviators (0, 0.2 and 0.5 mM) and three times (6, 12 and 24 hours) with 3 replication at physiology laboratory of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016. Indicators of germination with radicle exit at size 2 mm were evaluated for 21 days. After 21 days and completion of recording of germination indices, the plumules were separated for phytochemical evaluation; and determination of total phenol content and antioxidant activity by spectrophotometric methods were carried out by using methanol extract (extracted in a porcelain mortar), Folin-Ciocalteu method and DPPH free radical scavenging, respectively. According to experiment results, the positive effect of salicylic acid on improving germination of this plant in concentration 0.5 mM was more evident than concentration of 0.2 mM. With increasing salinity, the measured traits were strongly reduced. So that the lowest germination percent and germination rate were 0.81 and 0.02 in 150 mM salt stress, respectively. Salicylic acid is also used as an alleviator to improve germination in different levels of salinity. So that the highest germination percent (25.11) and germination rate (0.62) were obtained from pretreatment with salicylic acid for 24 hours. The highest amount of antioxidant activity (68.92%) and total phenol (1.2 mg.g-1 FW) was related to level of 50 mM stress and the use of salicylic acid at different salinity levels reduced the amount of these traits. In general, although salinity stress markedly reduced germination in Nepeta nuda, but using pretreatment with salicylic acid can significantly improve germination indices in these conditions.

In this research in order to study of stress influence(4, 8 and 12 ds/m of NaCl ) on some morphological, biochemical and antioxidantactivity of Securigera securidaca L. based on a randomized complete design with three replications, the seeds of plant were provided from Esfahan Pakan Bazr Institute and were grown in growth chamber located in Yazd University during September, 2014. Biochemical and antioxidant traits were measured spectrophotometrically. Results were showed that some morphological traits significantly decreased when salinity were increased. The pigments content were not significantly affected by different levels of salinity. Proline, total soluble sugar, flavonoid and anthocyanin content significantly increased in highest level of salinity in compared with other salinity and control treatments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased in salinity of 12 ds/m while the most significant activity of DPPH scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were showed in salinity of 8 ds/m. in concluded, due to non-significant changes of morphological, biochemical and antioxidant traits in salinity of 4 ds/m especially, it may be suggested that Securiger securidaca L. is a semi-tolerant genotype under salt stress.

Many researches have been conducted on identification and extraction of natural compounds from Artemisia such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpens, diterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic with the biological and pharmaceutical properties. Due to the importance of this genus, the purpose of the present study is extraction, purification and structure elucidation of a natural compound. This compound was isolated from aerial part of Artemisia turanicaKrasch. in Esfarayen at full flowering stage. So the extract obtained by maceration method and evaporated to dryness. The dried extract defatted for removing the hydrocarbons with long chains and separated by column chromatography over silica gel. All fractions were investigated by thin layer chromatography to determine the presence of natural compounds. Then, the natural compound was identified using spectrometric methods (IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR). The results led to the identification of a flavon called 3,5,3́,4́-tetrahydroxy, 7,5́-methoxy flavones, for the first time in this plant. Therefore, it is anticipated that the plant has high antioxidant effects due to the presence of flavonoids in the plant extract.

Melilotus officinalis L. is belongs to Fabaceae family, which has been used as a tonic, anti carminative, anti infection, anti diabetes and externally as a poultice for pains and ulcer wound. In many field observation the most ecological requirenments of M.officinalis L. and important experiences about traditional uses of this plant were obtained from rural healers. Different parts of plant (aerial parts in flowering stage, stem and root ) were collected from Charbagh Mountain (2300 msl) in May 2016. The ethanol and water extracts of plant parts were obtained by maceration method, Total phenol (TP) and flavonoid (TF) were estimated by spectrophotometry. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro by the method of trapping the free radical DPPH, TAC and RP assay. The antibacterial activity were obtained in vitro by using disc diffusion and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay . According to the results aerial parts of this plant which has been used in this region as an anti infection, anti inflammation and tonic to treat of diabetes and arthritis. phytochemical tests were showed that the ethanole extract of flowers had the highest total phenols concentration(38.08±o.13 mgGA/g), total flavonoids (62.04 ±0.01 mgQU/g) and antioxidant activity especially in DPPH radical scavenging with IC50=10.61±0.81µg/ml, in compare of BHA and BHT. The ethanole extract of flowers in 2300 m were showed the highest antimicrobial activity, especially against Staphylococus aureus, S.epidermaidis , Bacillus cereus and Entrococus faecalis L., respectively. In conclusion, there is the strong positive correlation between influence of extraction, plant parts on phytochemistry, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of M. officinalis L. and indicated that the ethanol exctract of flowers exhibited the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity. So it can be used potentially as a good source of natural antioxidant .

Acinos Miller. is belongs to Lamiaceae family, which grows as bush-herbaceous and consists of more than 10 species; two spaces from Aonos has been reported in the flora of Iran. In this study the essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Acinos graveolense (M.B.) Link extract has been studied. The aerial parts of the plant in blooming were collected from natural habitats (Ghamsar area), in spring 2014. It was dried in laboratory conditions, the essential oil were isolated by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and were analysed by using GC and GC-MS. The methanol extract was obtained by maceration method and the antimicrobial activity of plant extract was measured by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration against eleven microorganisms. The yield of the oil was 0.1% w/w. the analysis led to identification of 27 compounds. The main essential oil components were germacrene-D (56.6%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), caryophyllene oxide (7.5%), e-caryophyllene (4.5%), and limonene (3.4%). In addition, sesquiterpens hydrocarbon was the main component of the oil. The extract of Acinos graveolense against three tested bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcusepidermidis and Salmonella paratyphi-Aserotype) were showed low antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, due to the high amounts of sesquiterpenes in this essential oil and its antimicrobial activity, we could reports that the aerial part of A. graveolense is suitable for the preparation of natural antimicrobial agent.

Physalis divaricata D. Don.is a medicinal plant belonging to Solanaceae family. It consists of different tropane alkaloids, especially atropine, scopolamine, and physalin. In this study, P. divaricata was cultivated at greenhouse conditions in the field experimental of Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord. So various parts of plant, including root, stem, leaf, fruit, and flower at the late flowering stage were harvested in Spring 2015 and then the ethanolic extracts of the samples were obtained by soxhlet extraction method. The contents of atropine, scopolamineand physalin B were measured by calculating the curve of HPLC with three replications. The comparison results at the 5% level indicated that the fruits extract had the highest content of physalin B, the highest content of atropine was reported from the leaves extract and the highest content of scopolamine was reported from the flower extract. In conclusion, the main source of the secondary metabolites seemed to be a difference in type parts of the herb.