نشریه ادب عربی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، پاییز و زمستان 1397)

The "dream" is a basic and important idiom in Arabic modern poetry and literary criticism. This idiom, influenced by Sufism or some western schools, made significant changes in the principles of writing modern Arabic poetry. Thus, the Arabic modern poet did not use the previous structures and old frameworks of poetry but sought new ways to create a new language in modern poetry. Among the Arab modern poets, Adonis tries to apply methods of dreamy writing in his works. This article is written based on analytical-descriptive method and aims to introduce the idiom of dream in the literary criticism. It also specifies the techniques of dreamy writing in poetry of Adonis. It concludes that he uses techniques of dreamy writing for example: breaking the grammatical norms including breaking the sign of ascribe, deletion of conjunctions, as well as indetermination of pronoun references. He also uses paradoxical images, defamiliarization in images, and implements practices in text interpretation such as ignorance of words definitions, incomplete sentences, and absence of subject. According to this, it can be concluded firstly that the idiom of "dream" caused a lot of changes in the definition of poetry and in the use of technical equipment in new poetry language, especially in the poems of Adonis. Second, Adonis approached the legacy of Sophism and Sufi writing style by applying new writing practices. Thirdly, he is the only contemporary critic that considers features for dream as: invisibility, ambiguity and infinity; and provides a comprehensive definition of it. Fourth, according to Adonis definition, the idiom of "dream" is different from the Sufism idiom of "observation", because it's not just seeing and viewing and the poet at a higher level interferes and manipulates the concepts. And the last point is that Adonis could, with using these techniques, approach to dreamy writing.

One of the approaches of comparative literature and cultural studies is criticizing post colonialism which analyzes the impacts of colonialism in literary texts and deals with discovering post colonialist parameters in literature. Perhaps it could be say, post colonialism is one of topics that has caught critic’s attention even in 2001. Abdul karim nassif is contemporary capable Syrian writer who is unknown for Iranian readers. He has tried by authoring the book "Road to the sun: East –west" to place the issue of countering colonialism as your top priority. this writer presented consequence colonialism in Syria during the invasion by France. In addition to, He puts forward pensive ideas concerning land independence with safeguarding traditional values of the Arab world’s awakening a nation’s fight to gain freedom a parallel to romantic subject. The present research attempts to take a step in this critical domain to allocate postcolonial protagonists of the novel such as orientology, european-centeredness, the other and subaltern based on emphasis of descriptive-analytic method in this novel. The result shows that how the writer has been able to describe the colonial effects and consequences political, sociological and economical in the middle east, especially in syria by using postcolonial view using a multi-layered narrative and display the negative impacts and feedback of colonialism with the field of this approach and to play a role through reviving cultural and national traditions or sternghtening them. It could be say that the postcolonial protagonists orientology has considerable impact in this novel. As a matter of fact, by highlighting the manifestation of the eastas the post-colonialism and the element of location in this novel, the writer shows the confrontation of the two east and the west cultures on the hand, and on the other hand, with the presence of the protagonist in the east, he incites a kind of patriotism feeling in him.

In spite of brilliant thoughts and ration-oriented manners in Shia discourse, during the history and in practice, Shia has always been looked down upon by its rivals; thus, at times by the establishment of superstitious and deviant ideologies seeking the distortion of Shia reputation and also by the manipulation of some deviant ideological groups such as exaggeraters (Ghulūt), despising Shia and its ideas. Shawqi Dhaif in his books has utilized the term “exaggeration” about most of the poets of Abbasian era, and calls them exaggerators. The present study, in reference to dictionaries and other resources, and by presenting various definitions, attempts to illuminate the meaning of the term “exaggeration” from Dhaif’s point of view; therefore basically clarifying what meaning he has been seeking by “exaggeration” as an analysis on most of the poets of the era. The present study by the account of text analysis approach and through a descriptive-analytic method has made an effort to extract the meaning of the term “exaggeration” among his writings and to put them under scrutiny and inspection. The statistical population of this research includes a series of books on the history of Arabs Literature and the book "al-fan wa Maḍᾱhibuhū fi al-shiʿr al-aʿrabi". Firstly, all Shiite poets have been identified, then biographies and comments about them have been carefully studied. This study included all the items that Shawqi Dhaif used the term exaggeration for a poet with a witness in the text of the article, and brought some examples of poems that he regards them as poems include exaggeration. The results of the study suggest that among different meanings of exaggeration, Dhaif has taken that respect of exaggeration into consideration in which the meaning is more concerned with hatred an overthrow towards Sunni Caliphs and this is the same meaning Ibn Abdi Rabah and Ibn Khaldun have already pointed out.

This study is an attempt to present a theoretical framework for evaluation of poetic plagiarism. The study essentially dressed on what basis plagiarism can be spotted and how appropriation can be evaluated. The study is an analytical-comparative one. The analytical section of the study proposed a method and framework for determining whether a poetic work could be marked with plagiarism, and the comparative section applied the proposed framework in practice. a brief review of the literature on poetic plagiarism in Arabic rhetorical tradition was presented. It was shown that Al-Jurjᾱni has sporadically discussed poetic plagiarism besides elaborating his ‘theory of nadhm’ and has applied a systematic method for analyzing the relationship between poems which has not received attention thereafter. Then Al-Jurjᾱni’s method was compared with the method utilized by the Russian formalists in their analysis of the historical relationship between poems. The comparison showed that the formalist approach in the 20th century used an analytical method similar to Al-Jurjᾱni’s. A new theoretical framework was proposed based on the common principles of these approaches for determining whether a poem was plagiarized. It was accordingly argued that plagiarism can be determined neither based on similarity of contents nor similarity of the common aesthetics, but rather based on the common features that the poetic works have regarding application of new aesthetics. Having proven that one poetic work was appropriated by another based on the proposed method, the was assessed to see what role the common aesthetics played in composition of each of the poetic forms since it is the aesthetics which mirrors the relationship between the poems in creation of their forms. That being the case, it was shown that a comparison of the functions carried out by the common aesthetics in formation of each poem can indicate how the former poem led to plagiarism in the latter. At the end, a comparative analysis was carried out based on the proposed method to show the different kinds of plagiarism in poetry.

Semantics deals with studying the meaning and historical-descriptive semantics is one of the important and most common disciplines in this science. One of the ways to find the exact meanings of a word in the historical-descriptive semantics is using the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations within the linguistic structure. This method is based on the structuralism theory. Undoubtedly, the application of this method plays a major role in the study and understanding Qur'an, which has complex semantic layers. The present study aims at identify and introduce the meaning of »Ḥamim «in the semantic system of the Holy Quran and has tried to study the role of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic vocabulary in identifying the meaning of» Ḥamim «. Therefore, the main question of the present study is, which of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic words of» Ḥamim «give the most help to heuristically discover the meaning of this word and what are the most important semantic components of the term as necessary and sufficient conditions? The results of this paper have shown that the most important semantic components of the term» Ḥamim «are punishment, fluidity, pain and harshness, melting, fatalities, elimination of body parts, and extreme heat. Also, the term Ḥ» amim« on the syntagmatic axis has semantic relationship with verbal lexemes of “Sabba (صب) ”, “Zᾱqa (ذاق) ”, “saqᾱ (سقی) ”, “Qata’a (قطع) ”, “Saḥaba (سحب) ”, and “sahira (صهر) ” and nominal terms of “Mᾱ (ماء) ”, “ghssᾱq (غساق) ”, “Samūm (سموم) ”, “Azᾱb (عذاب) ”, and on the paradigmatic axis with the words “Azᾱb (عذاب) ”, “ᾱniyah (آنیه) ”, and “Nᾱr (نار) ”. , most of the verses which use “Ḥamim” dedicated to the semantic domain of Azab (torment), Kᾱfirᾱn (infidels), Mūnkirᾱn (deniers), and those who hated of religion.

The complex political and social conditions of contemporary era and the emergence of the contradictions of society in some Arab countries, along with the artistic motivations, makes the poet call the traditional symbolic treasures to express his inner thoughts, giving authenticity to his work and creating ambiguity of art. Furthermore, the excessive call of certain heritage symbols and the use of similar implications in contemporary poetry have sometimes caused symbolic implications to be so tangible to the reader that the poem gets a tone of address and report. In this regard, the use of metamorphosis of symbols is a method of novelty and personification of lexical elements and implications of the symbols that the mighty and conscious poet used to invertand negative rendering of the well-known implications of symbol and they are changed in such a way that the symbol takes new implications contrary to theoriginal state. In general, the metamorphose in the concept of symbols represent the essence of the poet mind. Nazzᾱr Qabᾱni is of those poets who call for ancient treasures and some natural elements in order to create artistic ambiguity and dynamic images and also to illustrate the contradictions of contemporary Arab society with their past, and recreates ancient symbols through inverting and negative rendering of the implications. In this regard, the metamorphosis of symbols is considered as one of the most important sources of political poetry of Nazzᾱr Qabᾱni. The present research, using descriptive-analytical method, attempts to evaluate the range of metamorphoses of symbols in political poems of the poet and reveal his implicit implications of his ballades. The results show that the metamorphosis of symbolic implication of faces and natural elements associated with the concepts of heroism and courage in the poetry of Qabani has a special place compared to other samples.

After the spread of Islam and its acceptance by different ethnic groups, the Islamic culture became the basis for mutual respect among peoples and nations, and Arabic poetry started promoting brotherhood in faith instead of tribal arrogance. However, when the Islamic society and the Arab world gradually moved away from the Islamic anti-discrimination sources, followed by the reappearance of pre-Islamic tribal prejudices, especially in the Abbasid period, some sects like Shu'ubiyya started defaming the Arabs as a reaction to the injustice of the kings called Caliphs. In the same way, some Arab fanatics started humiliating other Islamic nations such as Iranians and Kurds. Of course, the share of the Kurds was more than double; on the one hand, due to being Iranian, they had to pay for what Iranian Shu'ubiyya did, and on the other hand, because they were believed to be the descendants of the "Medes", they were humiliated by some Persian fanatics. So, “how Kurds have been portrayed in the classical Arabic poetry?” is the question which the researcher, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to answer in the present study. In fact, some various aspects of the images of Kurds in the classical Arabic poetry like how Kurdish figures have been praised or criticized, and their race and lineage have been investigated. The results show that a significant number of such images, under the influence of the conflict between Shu'ubiyya and Arabs, portray negative and superstitious images of Kurds. In some other works, some influential Kurdish figures have been admired and praised but their lineage and race have been changed intentionally. In a few cases, we can find a true image of Kurds. Expansion of mutual communications, general knowledge enhancement, regional disputes, and similar status of Kurds with other nations in the middle east are among the main causes of this positive portrait of Kurds.

There are various forms of literary exchanges in the world of literature, and there are few literatures that have developed in a closed circle without going beyond their borders. In this context, Arabic and Persian literature due to the geographical proximity and the prevalence of common customs compared to other nations have experienced greater cultural, literary, scientific and social exchanges. Saʿdi, the renowned poet of 7th century, has been significantly influenced by Arabic literature. One of the poets whose works had fascinated Saʿdi was Abolfath Basti, the poet of 4th century, who became famous during his lifetime for poems rich of wisdom and erudition. In this paper, which seeks to investigate the influence of Abolfath Busti on Saʿdi, a descriptive-analytical method has been adopted to explore different aspects of this inspiration. The findings suggest that Busti’s poems, Saʿdi’s travels to Eastern regions and his companionship of scholars who had incorporated Busti’s poems in their works, are some of the extra textual reasons that explain the impact of Busti on Saʿdi. This influence is evident from an intertextual perspective in rhetorical and thematic strains of Saʿdi’s poems. Extraterritorial factors related to historical issues suggest that the reputation of the Busti’s poetry and its dissemination in the eastern and western parts of the world on the one hand and numerous Saʿdi’s trips to the east on the other hand reinforce the possibility of reading the works of Busti. Studies on the rhetorical levels of language used by both poets reveal rhetorical adaptations of Busti’s poetry at two levels of poetic images and proverbs in the poetry of Sa'di, but it does not mean that these adaptations are the outcome of pure imitation devoid of any ingenuity. As for thematic adaptation, it was concluded that a significant part of the wisdom shared in the world of these two poets come from common source, which is because both poets have been inspired by a shared source of beliefs. These poems reflect a variety of Islamic sources has been reflected. Accordingly, Saʿdi's exploitation of Islamic wisdoms has created a set of shared themes between his poems and that of Basti, among which the following can be cited: thankfulness of God, instability of the world, philanthropy, respect for other people, patience and forbearance.

Hᾱʿieh Ode, relative to Imam Reza, (PBUH) is one of the objective samples of didactics and clarifications- on the personal and social sides- that Imam (PBUH) has reminded us of the moral and immoral norms and their consequences employing a sublime and a literary language and impressive style. This poem, While enjoying the dominance of the spiritual and mystical spirit, contains moral and social messages, for example: Persuading Unity, Surrender to the commandments, Denounced hypocrisy and etc. Aimed at influencing thoughts and emotions in the direction of audiences'awakening, is written in a penetrating language. From the coordinates of this poem in structure and theme, Criticism is the foundation of Arabic rhetoric to highlight and influence the word, As you analyze these elements, Imam reza's nobility can be found on literary sciences. This research aims at analyze and account for the impact of linguistic and rhetoric devices contributing to an increase in the degree of effect of Imam Reza’s (PBUH) discourse, making use of a content analysis regarded as a qualitative method.The result of this research shows that Imam Reza (PBUH), by building rhetoric and literary underlying structures has emphasized the valuable educational bases and teachings in Hᾱʿieh Ode through an address style. In this line, in different places of the Ode, the conscious and novel use of efficient rhetoric techniques has created beauty and attraction in the poems, and the use of devices including repetition, allusion, simile, defamiliarization, vocatives, congeries, lamentation, religious discourse, rhetorical question, quoating proverbs, claridying after ambiguities, proper ending, etc have magnified deviation coming from pride, greed, cruelty and the abusing of the language. In the meantime, by means of pictorial expression of the abstract concepts and making use of emotional and human terms, it tries to attract the mind of the addressees to being aware of death and awakening them of the latent consciences.

Judge Naseh al Arjan (460-544) is one of the most talented in the province of Khuzestan and one of the best Arab poets in Iran during the Seljuk period, who was a famous poet and well-known in the cities of Khuzestan and Persia. Most of his adjectives are considered Arabic and are considered by the Ansar. The proprietors of the ancient critics always admired him and praised his poem. He is a pioneer in rhetoric science and his poetry has been the source of rhetorical books, but unfortunately, despite his high rank in rhetoric and his artistic talent in Arabic poetry and literature, he is less known in Iranian scientific and literary circles. In some of the pamphlets and descriptions of this poet, there is probably a profound psychological crisis in the collapse of the Arab-Arab civilization and the challenge of its political, social and economic values. On the way to Qarmishin (Kermanshah), he has a wise and wise look at the 65 -bit allegorical description of the archaeological and archaeological area of ​​the Tᾱq Bostᾱn, its graphic arts and its stone writing. It can be said that this poetry is one of the first and the most important checkers in the description of the vault's vault and the greatness and virtue of the Sassanid Shahrians in Arabic. The purpose of this article is to analyze this poem by Naseh-al-Din Arjani with a descriptive-analytical method. Judge Naseh-al-Din Arjani is one of the Arab poets of the Seljuk period, who was born in Arzan around 460 A.H in Fars. He played an important role in the cultural richness of this period. His poems are the place of the rhetoric of prevailing rhetorical books, such as brief, subjective, and ...; however, one of the forgotten history of Iranian literature is also considered.

Undoubtedly One of the most important issues that nowadays has particular importance in cognitive linguistics as one of the important branches of linguists, is the question of how to get meaning and semantic products, especially through the cognition and cognitive experiences that human get from his environment (the outside world). In this way, the human mind passes various and multiple processes from the time of receiving general and abstract concepts to delivering them in the form of objective and believable meanings. One of the Cognitive linguistic branches, which examines the substantiality-based process of abstract concepts, is the science of cognitive semantics and the body based in it. This pattern, by applying different visual schemes, results in the objectification of cognitive concepts. One of these schemes is dynamic scheme, in which the abstract concepts of the human get movement-based dimension in the form of cognitive experiences, which ultimately make it quite sensible and tangible for him to understand the mentioned concepts. One of the most frequent concepts in the of Imam Ali’s poetry (A.S) is the concept of mortality of the world and worldly life, which has been mentioned in various religious texts such as motifs for the induction of ascetic discourse; that is, the world is not place of inactivity but the place of passing. This article wants to study the World Mortality and the other(eternal) world according to theory of the corporeal cognition in Imam Ali’s poems (A.S). Finally, results of this article shows that he has used the Image-Motion schemes to express concept of the World Mortality and deterioration of the worldly blessings. Application of these schemes are leading to the better understanding and the more effective of his poetry means by reader. This ultimately lead to the abstract concept (World Mortality) being More acceptable and More believable to him.

Literature reflects the natural condition of the habitat of every nation and the manifestation of the customs and social laws governing it; therefore, the climate, vegetation and animals, the economic, political, religious, and cultural conditions of the nations, sometimes are manifested in its most detailed form in their poetry and prose. It is clear that poetry of the Jᾱhilid Age, like the poetry of any nation and time, has been influenced by the natural and social environment of that era, reflecting the various forms and dimensions of their life. In this paper, the authors of this article investigate the textbook of al-Mūfadhaliyᾱt collected by Mūfadhal Dhabi, which is one of the most important sources of poetry, and has referred to the domestic animals mentioned in it and their effects in the poetry of Jᾱhilid era. The book consists of 126 allegations which are collected from 47 poets of Jᾱhilid era includes 20 poets of the early Islamic period. The authors have sought to answer these two basic questions about how domestic animals have had an impact on poetry in the era of Jᾱhilid? What is the shape of this effect? reviewing the book, it became clear that the poetry of Jᾱhilid had repeatedly referred to domestic animals, especially those who used them in their lives, so that their poetry reflected a general outline of the way of life and livelihood of the people of that period. It was also clear that domestic animals appeared in two forms in their poems: First, in the poems the poet was reporting on the events in which the animal plays a major role, such as the poems in which the poet boasts of his forgiveness or courage; Second, in the poems the poet describes as his own animal, or by the use of the animal's other characteristics, he portrays the affairs. In addition, the present study shows that the poetry of Jᾱhilid created exquisite images in describing their animal, or presented their own images with the use of animal characteristics. Such images, which are less metaphorical and more simile, are often used by animals that have abundantly used their lives. The study also shows that - the names of the animals that the people of the Era have more connected with and their need for them is more abundant than the names of other animals in poetry poets. In addition, the role played by these animals in the life of the people, many of the artistic images have also been devised using the characteristics of these animals or their tools and accessories.

Investigating of Kurd’s roles in Arabic literary evolution in comparative literature refers back to French schools since ethnic scholars were influential in other’s literature. Arabic literature succeeded by Muslim scholars from different nations during Abbasid Era, among them Kurd’s share was noticeble due to cultural and political and lingual and ideological relations. In the abbasid era kurds with first class scholars and scientist and useful books in the any aspect of arabic literature had an essential role in revolution of it. Although Kurds offered useful services to Arabic literature and other scientific domains, their roles and influence in Arab science and its subcategories like syntax, Rhetoric, analysis, and history writing were more noticeable. During Abbasid Era, kurdish scholars and writers like Dinewari, Ᾱmedi, and Jazari offered a different imagination of Arabic language and literature. Ebn Qutybeh, Beshr Ᾱmedy, and Ibn Athir made a revolution in Arab literature by works like "al-shiʿr wa al-shuʿarᾱ", "al-Muwᾱzana", "al-Mathal Al-saʾir" and Abo Ali Ghali’s masterpiece In"Al maᾱli va Al bᾱrea And Ibn Geni’s work in Khasᾱʾyes va sirr Al sinᾱʿa in is noticable. and Abu Ali Alghᾱli book about philology and any other remained writings by Sᾱebi _harani and Khatib- hasfaki about prose poem made a great revolution in the arabic language literature. In this study, attempts have been made to investigate descriptively and analytically what Kurds scholars have done in different scientific and historical domains of Arab literature. Furthermore, this study shows the place of Kurd’s as a part of Islamic culture and civilization and their influential roles in literary evolution of this era. the findings of this research shows that abbasid era was the most important that kurds have been at the service of the arabic language literature and they throw all attention to this language and imagine it to all as possible.

In this study, the typology of the narrative structure of Moses (AS) and Samiri in two macro-level stories as the basis and raw material of narrative and speech including the artistic contribution of the story through the speed of reporting of events, the narrator's position on how events are displayed and the features and behavior of the characters is discussed in the framework of Seymour Chatman's theory. The analysis of superficial and upper layers of narrative such as events, story lines, characters, how vocabulary is selected and the structure of sentences, the axis of occurrence and the axis of narration, focalization and point of view to achieve deeply semantic levels of the narrative and the function of this narrative with a time-based approach in the cultural and social sectors of the community of the time Quran descended and other posterior communities were discussed. This research attempts to study the narrative of Moses and Samiri in Surah Ta Ha based on the semiotic and narrative analysis to present a comprehensive way of analyzing the Quranic narratives to achieve the deeply semantic layers, the role of the narrative of Moses (AS) and Samiri as a discourse in social and cultural function with a time-based approach. The results obtained from the analysis of the superficial and upper layers of narration and its relation to the semantic layers will demonstrate that the narrative of Moses and Samiri has a social aspect and the purpose of which is to save religious communities from the danger of diverting from the divine discourse. this narrative is based on two opposite axes. in the concurrently functional axis, it has contracting function against the ruling discourse of the idol worshipers of Mecca and the worship of the idol, and the danger of the diversion of the emerging Islamic trend from the time when the discourse is based on idolatry and deviation from the straight path.

Concepts and values like liberty, love and dignity which are innately familiar to human beings have a special place in Fadwᾱ Touqᾱn’s Divan and shape his humanistic discourse. Using the mysterious and alluding language of the poet to transfer the discursive concepts and the emphasis on the internal and external correlation, in the first place, expresses the stifling of the society, and in continuation indicates the poet’ s effort to grasp the line of union. This research studies the effects of resilience of Palestine on the humanistic discourse in Fadwᾱ Touqᾱn’s Divan. The research method is descriptive-analytic and uses the existing documents related to the subject matter. The categories studies in this paper are: love, liberty, dignity, fighting against oppression and death. The most important findings of this study include impersonality of love, love as a genuine social value which is rooted in homeland and its people, liberty as equivalent with life, death as equivalent with life, realisation of the poets’ prophecy in safe guarding the dignity of the people of the homeland, defining the way to dignity in realisation of the freedom of the homeland and coming home of the refugees, using the metaphor of plague for the oppression and injustice which has shredded the homeland and defining the way out of it by collecting all the internal and external forces, belief in the necessity of the flesh to return back to the soil of the homeland because it came from the same soil to get resurrected and declaring this as the reason for the delight of death. From the viewpoint of Fadwᾱ Touqᾱn, the freedom will be more lasting if it is attained by fighting and struggling and its permanence will be greater for future generations. Love is the leaven of unity that can trigger the love of the homeland, and the body, rising from the earth, must return to the same origin; and in this way the poet rushes to meet death.

In the definition of the Maqᾱmᾱt, it is one kind of an ancient stories that is associated with prose, mixed with poetry about a hero which appears anonymously in the story and causes events and, as it is known at the end of the story, disappears. So that it will be appears again in another form in the next Maqᾱmᾱt .Writing Maqᾱmᾱt in Prose Persian for first time Emerged With Maqᾱmᾱt of Judge Ḥamid al-Din Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Omar ibn Ali Balkhi From the masterpieces of Persian prose texts in the sixth century. Maqamat-i-Hamidi is one of the masterpieces in the Persian prose that challenges the styles of Arabic Maqᾱmah texts. This work that is written with the style of Persian prose is filled with a large number of beautiful and delicate Arabic poems and phrases, whose sources have remained unexplored so far. This work Composed from an introduction, Twenty three Maqᾱmah And an end. Writing Maqᾱmᾱt which relies on narrative structure in Persian language with differences from the writing style imitates of Arab Maqᾱmᾱt-i-Badiʿ-e-Zamᾱn Hamedᾱni and Abulqasim Ḥariri. This book is written in the style of prose Persian artifacts relevant what is in the face which uses verbal and spiritual arrays and misleading vocabulary And proof to the verses, hadiths, poems and the Arabic dialect And in terms of content which reflects the social situation of the writer's time. The main question is the research whether Hamidi Initiative to using Arabic poetry and expressions or it has adapted the words of the speakers before them? Since so far no comprehensive research About inventive or imitation of Arabic poems and phrases, been tried in this paper, With the search method in the source and available resources, The cases that Hamidi used Arabic texts is expressed. This paper studies the Arabic verses and phrases in Maqᾱmᾱt-i-Ḥamidi and attempts to determine their sources and references as much as possible.