فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال دهم شماره 4 (بهمن 1396)

The pathway for the synthesis of carotenoids is now well known, but the findings about the regulation of this path are almost limited. Along with the role of pigmentary and essential carotenoids in plants, these compounds also play an important role in human health. Given that the human body does not synthesize carotenoids, it is dependent on carotenoids derived from the diet to produce retinoids such as retinal (important eye pigmentation), retinol (vitamin A), and retinoic acid (the main controller of morphogenesis The main source of retinoids is B-carotene, which is also called vitamin A, and the lack of that night causes blindness and blindness. Recent research has focused on manipulating the content of carotenoids and plant product compounds to increase their nutritional value. Although all known genes in the biosynthesis of carotenoids are encoded by the nucleus of the nucleus, all of the carotenoid pigments and their associated enzymes are in the plastids. Among the encoding genes of carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes, PSY, the catalyst for the first phase of the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids, is of particular importance. Given the global scarcity of vitamin A deficiency and its harmful effects on human health, and in particular children, scientists have focused on increasing the levels of carotenoids in ornamental plants.

In recent years, cereal production has been reduced due to the intensification of various live and non-stressed stresses. Therefore, the correction of adapted cereal varieties to various live and non-stressed stresses is a necessity in cereal reform. A review of the reports shows that from decades ago, in vitro culture for micronutrition, in-glass selection in corrective programs, the creation of resistance to live and non-pollutant environmental stresses, utilizing the diversity of the semaklonium due to glass conditions It is also used in genetic engineering to transfer genes from foreign sources to crops. There are several effective factors in tissue cellular tissue under laboratory conditions. A series of these internal factors and a series of these external factors. The response to tissue culture in cereals is affected by several factors such as genotype, explants source, geographical origin of the cultivar, physiological state of the explant plant, culture medium and interaction between them. Today, adult embryos with transfer is a powerful tool that is widely used in product improvement and molecular biology studies of cereals. In most of the transgenic methods, tissue culture is essential for the regeneration of transgenic plants. The explants for transplantation endosperm, without endosperm support and thin patches, are used as a detoxifier in wheat tissue culture. Gene are those that require the shortest tissue culture before and after transplantation.

In order to promote reproductive management in ruminants, all the new advances and existing facilities should be used and, by knowing the effective factors in reproduction and using appropriate methods, would increase the economic profit in this industry. Reproduction in ruminants is influenced by several factors such as genetic and genetic potential, stage and type of nutrition, environmental factors, day length, livestock health, and so on. he uses of ovulation or Synchronization of estrus coexistence programs increases the number of cows in a short period of time. In the current method, ie observation of estrus and noculation, the fertility rate is 50%, In the case of synchronization, the new method reduces the fertility rate to 32%, but in the new method, However, in the new method, the total number of pregnancies in the new method increases annually. To increase the total percentage of pregnancy of the herd, different methods or changes in methods are used. Synchronization of estrus allows the farm manager to plan and inseminate livestock as a work plan appropriate to other activities required, and the time-consuming work of eruptive diagnosis is reduced and the breeding season can be shortened. The benefits of an artificial insemination synthetic system increase in conditions where the degree of perineal diagnosis and the rate of pregnancy are low. Euthanasia synchronization is an effective program for dairy cattle throughout the world, so that a high percentage of livestock in the specified period of time is indicated by estrus and based on the emergence or absence of estrus symptoms Are inoculated. Therefore, in this article, the methods of ovulation induction and estrus synchronization are discussed.

Providing probiotics with a physical barrier is an efficient approach to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut. In this case, encapsulation is a technique for putting probiotics in small capsules to enhance efficiency during processing and controlling of delivery in gut. Microencapsulation does not utilize capsules greater than 3 mm in length. Encapsulations that fall within the range of 1µm to 1000µm are classified as microencapsulation. Components between 1 nm and 100 nm are classified as nanocapsules or nanoenvelopment. This review focuses mainly on the methodological approach of probiotic microencapsulation and nanoenvelopment including materials, methods, advantages and disadvantages in food industry.

Food allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to certain foods or substances that usually are safe and the production of IgE antibodies is quite evident. This is usually caused by allergic reactions to food proteins that are specific immunological responces. A number of specific clinical syndromes that occur as a result of a food allergy include anaphylactic shock, Asthma and atopic dermatitis associated with food allergies. Food ingredients that stimulate the immunological and cause allergic reactions, are traceble. The detection of allergens in food products can be very difficult. Reactions determined by double-blind placebo controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) range between less than 1 mg and more than 1 g of allergenic protein in 1 Kg/food depending on the food concerned and the sensitivity of selected allergic individuals. Today the major existing techniques, DNA-based identification of parts or components of the fusion protein allergens that each has advantages, disadvantages and different applications. Immunochemical diagnosis usually involves protein-based methods and ELISA is the most famous of this. On the other hand, in DNA-based methods, duplicating a particular piece of DNA is done by use of the heat resistant polymerase and two primers.

Use of pesticides, including pesticides during the past half century has been an alarming increase. Therefore, today Chemical control is performed in more than 99 percent of agricultural production in Iran. Accordingly, it will be very difficult to remove pesticides from agriculture. In addition to adverse effects of chemical pesticides on the health of agricultural producers and consumers, they have many irreparable effects on non-target organisms and biodiversity in general as well. Eliminate sensitive species on biodiversity can be dumped into the long term effects are irreparable. Pesticides are a major factor affecting biological diversity, along with habitat loss and climate change. They can have toxic effects in the short term in directly exposed organisms, or long-term effects by causing changes in habitat and the food chain. Due to the adverse effects of pesticides, the use of transgenic plants resistant to pests is a good choice to reduce the damage caused by insecticides.

DNA vaccines may be safer than of some live virus vaccines. Largely Immune response to the vaccine antigen correlates with expression level Which is directly based on transient transfection of cells in vitro measured DNA vaccines into muscle or skin inoculated with a syringe or a device such as a gene gun. DNA uptake by cells Followed by a pathogenic gene transcription and translation and subsequent immune response of antibodies (Ab), helper T cells (Th) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to follow The DNA vaccine are used for immunization against a variety of diseases, including viral infections, bacterial, parasitic, allergic, autoimmune and cancer. In some studies, DNA vaccines express multiple antigens. Even with this, the immune system is induced. Combinational vaccines increase protection against a single pathogen or protection against a range of infectious agents is induced by DNA vaccine. The aim of DNA vaccination development and improvement of effective strategies against effective infectious agents and tumors of the previous unifie.

Blood and lymphatic vessels pervade almost all body tissues and have numerous essential roles in physiology and disease. The inner lining of these networks is formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, which is specialized according to the needs of the tissue that it supplies. Whereas the general mechanisms of blood and lymphatic vessel development are being defined with increasing molecular precision, studies of the processes of endothelial specialization remain mostly descriptive. Recent insights from genetic animal models illuminate how endothelial cells interact with each other and with their tissue environment, providing paradigms for vessel type-and organ-specific endothelial differentiation. Delineating these governing principles will be crucial for understanding how tissues develop and maintain, and how their function becomes abnormal in disease.

Growth of weeds is one of the most important agricultural problems in the world, which has an adverse effect on the efficiency and quality of many important crops. Mechanical, agronomic, physical, biological, chemical (herbicides) and genetic control methods are used for combating weeds. Herbicides are one of the most effective tools for farmers to fight against weeds. The use of these agricultural chemicals has increased significantly in recent years, especially in countries with advanced agricultural systems. The introduction or evolution of herbicide-resistant herbaceous populations is a serious issue for specific herbicides that encourage the use of common herbicides. But the main problem with general herbicides is the inability to use them during field crop cultivation. Due to this dilemma, as well as the adverse effects of weeds on yield and quality of crops, projects aimed at the development of herbicide-resistant transgenic plants are necessary. This reduces the consumption of pesticides in agriculture and reduces production costs through lower consumption of poison and the lack of employment of workers and weeding. The production of transgenic herbicide resistant plants is one of the priorities of agriculture and biotechnology in the world as well as in Iran to reduce their consumption of agricultural pesticides and production costs.

Today, the production of embryos in farm animals is carried out through the supravoluation of female animal substances, or through the maturation, fertilization and extracorporeal culture of oocytes during the three stages of IVM, IVF and IVC. In humans, all the initial efforts to reach the blastocyst stage failed with the use of classical culture environments. The dynamic conditions within the body of living organisms are such that it is usually possible to reconstruct it in cultivated environments and in the external conditions it is not optimally provided. The same issue, as well as the nature of the collaborative system, somehow gave rise to incentives to test the ability of this method to produce blastocyst in external conditions. Long-term oocyte preservation and storage of patients at risk for loss of ovarian function are one of the main reasons for freezing Oocytes are human, and this has also extended to valuable animal animals in other species. Effective freezing of oocytes can also facilitate many specific reproductive techniques.