فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1389)

Residence of around 8 million people in informal habitations or poor neighborhoods is among the major challenges in urban planning and management system in Iran. The origin and the reason of its expansion can be analyzed through looking into various constituents ranging from macro to middle and micro levels in relation with economic, political, managerial, legislative and demographic conditions, which are scientifically considered and reviewed within the framework of various theories. Chief among them are theories of immigration and lack of balance in various places. Among somatic, economic and social bottlenecks of informal habitations; societal security is considered to be one of the most basic challenges. the present article aims at reviewing the dimensions of atmosphere, community and 1- Naja Deputy Societal Division, Faculty member, Police University and Azad Islamic University.societal security in informal habitations. Therefore, the case study of Islamshahr, located in southern suburb of Tehran, is selected for this purpose. The research is of applied-expansion type, in which some documentary and analytical tools, field visits, interview, and questionnaire completion and analysis used for testing the theories used. The findings of the research indicate that societal security in informal habitations is a subordinate of some constituents such as atmosphere, community and socioeconomic and managerial structures, and improving its level is subject to following up and implementing an integrated series of macro, middle and micro strategies. Chief among them are implementation of the approach of security and community-oriented police, and gradual process of eliminating the tradition of suburbanization, and struggling for establishment of nationalregional balances, and decreasing the parameters affecting ecologic separation process.

The present article aims at reviewing the impact of emergence of modern information and Communication technologies such as internet, satellite and cell phone in formation of crimes in the next five years in Iran. Therefore, these technologies lead the police forces to expand the range of their activities to virtual and international world rather than continuing to deal with traditional crimes. Such environmental changes include threats and opportunities, which are the inevitable consequences of that change in the quantity and quality of crimes. In the quantity change, the number of crimes either enhances or reduces; while in the quality change, the nature of crimes and the process wherein they materialize is being considered. Two theories form the axis of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods are used for assessing the theories. The under-survey statistical group includes managers and senior experts of IRI Police and those experts who are familiar with the process of selecting the research topic. Therefore, 40 individuals were selected based on Cockran formula as samples. Through using a questionnaire and referring to the documents and proofs, information is collected. The results achieved from analyzing information indicate that modern information technologies have affected the process through which crimes are formed through changing crime scenes, tools, methods and motivations for committing crimes, and as a result the quantity and quality of crimes change.

The present study aims at assessing the psychological characteristics of the Persian version of mental and social structures as anticipators of difficult behaviors within the framework of a pattern of structural relations based on difficult behavior research.

The research is of periodic self-report type. N=505 comprised of 288 high school boys and 217 high school girls selected from among students of 18 high schools through sorted, cluster and two-phase sampling. The main tools include juvenile's behavior and health questionnaire, Simons-Morten social aptness scale, and Rosenberg self-esteem.Analytical approach of structural equations pattern used to test the relationship among mental and societal structures and difficult behaviors.

The ultimate result of factor affirmative analysis was development of a new pattern for explaining the juveniles' difficult behaviors and identifying difficult behavior syndrome. Statistical indices indicated that the pattern has acceptable proportion with the data (CFI and NNFI index= 0.98, and RMSEA index= 0.065).The pattern determined the danger index in individual level as mediator of the impacts of some factors such as family, peersand school on difficult behaviors.

Factor analysis supports the existence of behavior syndrome. The findings suggest that the new pattern for explaining difficult behavior may utilize in the studies related to Iranian Juveniles.

Nowadays, sociologists who utilize modern approaches, consider deviating behaviors such as committing crime as a struggle between individuals and society. Committing crime, as a social issue, has some undesirable impacts on the society. The present research concentrates on the growing trend of crime among the youth in Ilam. It is aiming at finding out the answer to the following question. "Why do a lot of people get involved in criminal activities, and what is the root of the problem?" In line with this, a wide range of theoretical patterns is briefly offered and afterwards Hioshi societal control theory is used as theoretical framework of the research. The present research aims at reviewing the factors effective in committing crimes among Ilam youth concentrating on family and social factors in 2008. The research is of survey type, and the required information is collected through distributing questionnaire among 133 young prisoners in central prison of Ilam ranging from 18 to 30 years of age. The results of the research indicated that there is a significant relationship between variables of age, education, family sympathy, and involvement in daily routines on one hand, and tendency toward committing crime. However, there was no significant relationship between variables: "believing in social norms and commitment toward daily routines" and the level of tendency toward committing crime.

Over the years, suburban and vulnerable region of Neka has been a neighborhood of gypsies. Due to its geographical situation and shortage of facilities, and various problems such as cultural and hygienic weak points, addiction and unemployment, poor individual and social health conditions, and anomalous constructions, all together has led the neighborhood to face a critical situation. The present research aims at looking into the societal pathology of Abassabad Neka suburban region and offering some practical solutions. The research is of descriptive type and the under-survey community includes all the inhabitants of Neka. Six hundred people from different classes of society living in Abassabad including university officials and graduates were randomly selected to answer the first especial question, and the citizens and shop owners were randomly selected to answer the fourth and the fifth question. The required information is collected through library method, questionnaire and interview, and its validity was tested through getting the view points of experts, in addition reliability of 0.8.2 was assessed through its trial implementation on 30 individuals. The data is analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical method (x2). The results of the research indicate that Neka citizens do not have a positive view about those who line in Abassabad. The area does not enjoy high level social and hygienic facilities, and taking into consideration the population of the area, a significant number of people over there drink alcoholic drinks; meanwhile, social factors strongly impact the status of drugs andalcoholic drinks consumption and other sorts of societal damages. It is worth mentioning that shortage of facilities has led to many problems for those who live in Abassabad neighborhood.

The present research aims at studying the relationship between cultural and social factors and collective, ethnic and tribal strife in Lordegan. The relationship between cultural and social factors including demographics, level of using mass media, relative deprivation, anomy, ethnicity, ethnics, aggressiveness, social cohesion, social control and socioeconomic base and collective, ethnic and tribal strife is surveyed in the framework of 10 theories. The research method is descriptive and is of correlative type. N= 116,436 including men and women over 15 years of age in Lordegan. The under-survey sample (414 persons) is selected through quotabased random sampling from among the entire group. The required data of the research is collected through using a self-made questionnaire with 0.96 validity based on Chronbach Alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics method(mean, plenitude, percentage and graph, and inferential statistics (single T variable, variance analysis, Pearson & Spearman correlation coefficient, multiple regression and chunk test)is used to analyze the research statistically. The results indicate that the variables such as aggressiveness, ethnicity, anomy, and relative deprivation have significant positive relationship with each other. Variables of social control, social cohesion, socioeconomic base, age, gender, education have reverse significant relationship with each other; while there is no significant relationship between variables such as level of using mass media and being married, and tendency toward collective, ethnicand tribal strife. In addition, tendency toward collective strife is more among men, compared to women. Tendency toward collective, ethnic and tribal strife is different among different races of the under-survey statistical community.

Everyone is aware of the importance of security and security feeling. Just imagine that a community enjoys all the required facilities; however, the public could not benefit from the facilities and could not lead an easy life. Our major theory in the present research is that there is a relationship between the extent of using media and security feeling among Tehrani citizens. In other words, the more Tehrani citizens use media the less secure they feel, and vice versa. The research is of survey type and the required information is collected through using a questionnaire. As far as the under-survey community in this research includes the 22 municipality zones in Tehran, sampling was made proportionate with volume of the population. N= 420 which were selected through using Cockran formula. According to the findings of the survey, there is a reverse relationship between using media and security feeling. In addition, there is a significant relationship between different age groups and security feeling.

According to article No. 3 of Police Forces Law, the philosophy behind establishment of police forces is providing security and order and making the public and individuals feel secure. Combating hoodlums has been one of the major missions of the Iranian police forces. The present survey conducted aiming at getting information about the effectiveness level of campaign against hoodlums from the public viewpoint in 2008 as follows: Getting to know about level of security feeling among Shahr-e-Ray citizens, contrastive analysis of various groups of people's ideas after the campaign is performed against hoodlums, and offering recommendations in line with enhancing the range of the effectiveness of the antihoodlums' campaign for future. Survey method is used to achieve the target. In order to get to know about the citizens' views, a fifteen –item checklist distributed among the citizens and the required information collected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Majority of the respondents announced that after implementation of the project by the nintpolice station in Shahr-e-Ray, they visited all the prone to crime neighborhoods more relaxed (p<0.001). They were not either afraid of leaving their houses for a rather long time (p<0.001). They also stated that they felt more comfortable after implementation of the campaign against hoodlums (p<0.001). They also felt more secure while visiting parks and other public places (p<0.001). The results of the survey indicate that implementation of the anti hoodlums campaign has had relationship with enhancement of security feeling among citizens; in addition majority of the under survey community believe that police forces performance has been desirable while implementing the project.