فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 28، بهار 1398)

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder, with complications caused by many health problems in society. Reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with medicinal herbs is of great clinical importance. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Cedar Butanlite Extract on insulin-induced hypoglycemia in Streptozotocin Wistar male diabetic rats. In this study, 40 Wistar rats with a weight range of 250-300 gr were selected and divided into 5 groups. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucose oxidase assay. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software and t-test. Charts were prepared using Excel software. The results showed that the mean glucose level of diabetic rats treated with insulin and alcoholic extract of cedar showed a significant decrease compared to insulin treatment and cedar treatment (P

Abstract This study was conducted to survey the morphological variation in four populations of the Urmia kingfish (Alburnus atropatenae) using geometric morphometric technique. A total number of 163 specimens were collected from four rivers of the Urmia Lake basin including the Baneh, Saghezchai, Siminehrood and Zarinehrood by electrofishing. The left side of specimens were photographed using a digital camera. Then fifteen homologous landmark points were selected and digitized on 2D pictures using tpsDig2 software. Landmark data after GPA, analyzed using PCA, CVA with obtained P-value from permutation test and cluster analysis. The patterns of population’s body shape were illustrated in relation to consensus configuration of all specimens. The results showed a significant differences between the body shapes of studied populations. Based on cluster analysis, the studied populations according to their body shape were divided into Baneh clad and Saghezchai, Siminehrood and Zarinehrood clade. The Baneh, Saghezchai, and Siminehrood populations have deeper body and are distinguishable due to smaller head, posterior position of eye and shorter base of dorsal fin, respectively and Zarinehrood population was differentiable due to a more fusiform body shape and less body depth. These morphological differences can display ongoing evolutionary trends of studied populations as result of environmental conditions of their habitats and geographical isolation.

Abstract The study of age and growth of aquatics is basic and necessary information for further fisheries management. By aging the fishes, we can estimate the population dynamics parameters such as growth and mortality rates. In this study the Otolithes ruber (Tiger toothed croaker) was selected as one of the most important and commercial species for aging from September 2008 to November 2009. During 15 months, a total of 540 specimens were collected and 238 sagitta otoliths were extracted and then were sectioned in laboratory using microtome cutter. The sectioned otoliths were aged by reading the increment rings. The overall Von-Bertalanffy growth equation was estimated as L(t)= 72(1-e -0.151(t+1.369)). The smallest fish was 18 cm total length and with an estimated age of 0.25 yrs; and the biggest size was 54 cm with the age of 8 yrs. The Length-weight relationship was found as W=0.0064 TL3.1268. The natural mortality of croaker was estimated 0.4604 per year.

Abstract The positive effects of garlic on diabetes and its complications are known. Zinc also has beneficial therapeutic effects on diabetes in diabetic animals and humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of combination of garlic flower extract and zinc sulfate on hematocrit in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n=7). Which include: Sham group that received usual water and food for 45 days and were injected normal saline on first day of beginning of this time period Positive control group (diabetic) which they received usual food and water during 45 days and they were injected streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose 40mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection) on first day of beginning of this time period. The treated group with garlic flower extract + zinc sulfate, immediately after receiving STZ and ensuring of their diabetes they were treated with garlic extract of 360 mg/Lit and zinc sulfate at a concentration of 36 mg/Lit in drinking water during 45-day period. The hematocrits were measured automatically, using Diatron device, model ABACUS-c (Austria). Hematocrit in the treated group, which received the hydroalcoholic extract of garlic flower and zinc sulfate in combination, showed a significant increase compared to control (p

Abstract Amphibians have common ecosystems with humans. Therefore, the identification of taxonomy of these organisms is important. The purpose of this research is to identify the fauna diversity of amphibians in northern Ardebil province. This province has 1.1% of the total area of ​​the country and is located in north of the Iranian plateau. A total of 48 amphibians were collected from 33 stations and identified by analyzing morphological traits using valid authentication keys. In addition, the collection stations and frequency charts of the identified samples are presented. These samples consist of four amphibian species belonging to the families such as: Ranidae, Bufonidae and Hylidae. Furthermore, Hyla savignyi species is reported for the first time in this area. This species is the only tree species living in Iran. Among these amphibians, the highest number of specimens belong to Pelophylax ridibunda ridibunda and the lowest number of specimens belong to the Hyla savignyi. Finally, the collected samples include marsh frog, frog banded, green toad, tree frog with a frequency of 42, 27, 19 and 12%, respectively.

Abstract Dorylaimids contain the most number of nematodes and take part in various aspects of ecosystem. For this reason and for study on dorylaimid fauna, 70 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different vegetations in Kahaq region, Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province during 2014 and 2015. Then sampels were transfered to laboratory. Nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation technique and transferred to glycerin according to the modified De Grisse (1969) method. The permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes. The nematodes were identified under light microscope. The morphometric data were taken using a drawing tube attached to the microscope. For identification of nematode speciments, species keys and references were used. As the results, Aulolaimoides elegans, Crassolabium cylindricum, C. rhopalocercum, Diphtherophora tenera, D. communis, Dorylaimoides elegans, D. limophilus, Ischiodorylaimus cognatus, I. paraugandanus, Margollus bokanicus, Mesodorylaimus potus, Metaxonchium persicum, Opisthodorylaimus sylphoides, Oxydirus oxycephaloides, Paravulvus microdontus, Pungentus engadiensis, Syncheilaxonchium nairi, Thornia propinqua, T. parathermophila and Tylenchilaimus minimus were identified. M. potus and the genus Thornia are new records for Iran nematode fauna.

Abstract Different organisms like aquatics are constantly exposed to pesticide residues, this study's overall assessment patho-biological changes in gills and livers of Capoeta capoeta gracilis during exposure to butachlor pollutant. First of all the 96-hour lethal concentration of the toxin was calculated as 46.2 mg per liter. Then, 96 fish were divided into four groups: one control group and three experimental groups (with concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg l-1) and were exposed for 2 weeks. In the end point, histological changes were studied by hematoxylin and eosin staining method in light microscopy. Lethal concentration of this toxin was 2.46 mg/l that means moderate toxicity of this species. There was many histological changes in the gills of fish treated with butachlor include: hyperplasia, shortening the secondary lamella, edema, fusion, hemorrhage and atrophy in compared to the control group. Treatment with liver butachlor cause obstruction, dark granules, necrosis, and bile stagnation and sinusoid dilution in studied fish. The results of this study showed that in both studied organs with increase of toxin concentration, more severe tissue damage was observed, so gill and liver tissues of this fish could be used as an appropriate biomarker for pollutant measurement.

Abstract Head lice Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer belongs to heterometablian insects of Phthiraptera and is known as a very serious environmental health pest throughout the world that infests millions of people annually. This study was designed to investigate the morphometric characteristics of different populations of head lice in five countryside’s in south-east of Tehran province. Head lices were sampled from high school girls through autumn 2014 to spring 2015 and preserved in ethanol 70%. Fifteen characteristics were measured for males and females and data were analyzed by ANOVA under 99% confidence level. The means were compared by Duncan mean comparison tool. The results showed that there is high level of variations among the studied populations of head lice in the area and this variation would be due to the high level of genetic variations.

Abstract Precise identifying of a Barbus fish species and the hybrids is very important because these fishes are large freshwaters fishes of Iran and the stock of them are going to vanished. In 2000 the Barbus species of Iran was revised at CMN and from that time all document of these species were reviewed, this is a part of this studies. In 1842 Heckel described Lebeobarbus kotschyi and named it in respect to Theodor Kotschyi. During the time this name has changed to Barbus kotschyi. Barbus kotschyi (Heckle, 1843) was synonymized with Barbus grypus Heckle, 1843 by several authors. The samples was examined In my projects the morphological differences between these two related species is enough to separate them, but for conceding them as two identical species more recherché has to be done and more samples must be collected. In this paper the more outstanding features and differences between these two species are outlined. The difference between this species and Barbus grypus, to which it is deceptively similar, lies mainly in the relative head length, the mouth, and the fleshy lobe below the symphysis of the lower jaw. In querying among 2000 professional angler, they states that have caught this fish and named it as a night touring fish.

Abstract Nowadays the damages of the human musculoskeletal system and its healing process are crucially important. The material with the capability of prevention from infection in open fractures, reduction of treatment duration, and repair of bone tissue is economical, and it would be prioritized in usage. The egg internal membrane as a completely natural compound causes an increase in calcium absorption and accelerates the bone tissue repair process. The current study was conducted on the tibia bone of eight dogs. A cut of 10 cm length was developed in the tibia bone. 8 mm diameter cavities were developed in the mid area of the tibia bone by removing the vessels and nerves and cutting in Periosteum using the drill. The respective biomaterial was removed out of the sterile environment by Mouse-tooth forceps, and it was inserted into the bone. The tissue sections were evaluated in terms of histopathology at 0, 30, and 60 days after surgery. The results of osteoplastic changes also indicated that both control and treatment groups had an ascending bone formation process from day 0 to 60, which it was higher in all days in the treatment group compared to the control group. The bone formation level was increasing in the treatment group compared to the control group. The results obtained from Chondroplasic changes also indicated that in both groups there was a decreasing trend in Achondroplasia.

Abstract
Quantifying morphological characteristics of body shape in fishes can help their correct identification as well as understanding of evolutionary history of their different populations. Hence, this study was aimed to compare the morphological characteristics of different population of siahmahi (Capoeta fusca) in inland-water of Iran using geometric morphometric method (GM). In total 122 specimens of Capoeta fusca were collected from three rivers Amirabad, Kalshur, Tabarak. Then, the lateral surface of their left side photographed and seventeen landmark-points defined and digitized using TpsDig2 software to extract body shape data in geometric morphometry. The coordinate data after GPA superimposing, analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), canonical variate analysis (CVA) and cluster analysis (CA) and body shape pattern of every population was visualized in relation to consensus shape of total populations. Based on the PCA, six factors were above the Joliff line and accounted for more than 79.37% of the variance. The highest variances were related to the head size, body depth, dorsal and anal fin position, dorsal fin base length and caudal peduncle length. The CVA and PCA morphometric of Capoeta fusca indicated that the three populations of Kalshur, Amirabad and Tabarak have meaningful differences and they are separated from each other (p<0.0001). The cluster analysis has also isolated the population of Kalshur from the populations of Amirabad and Tabarak.

Since copper nanoparticles are one of the first nanoparticles planned in the industry, recent research has shown the pathological toxicity of these nanoparticles in different tissues and organs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on gonadal tissues in male rats. In this study, 40 Wistar rats were divided in four groups respectivelycontrol group and 10, 20, 30 (mg/ kg) of copper oxide nanoparticles, 5 Times, received for one day in a row for 10 days. In order to histopathologic studies, the testicular tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin.the data were analyzed in the spss software, one –way anova and duncan's test. The results showed that the amount of spermatogonial cells, primary spermatocyte, spermatid cells were decreased in dose-dependent manner. In the testicle, disorders such as abnormality and severe deformity with different morphology in the spermicidal tubes and destruction of sertoli cells were observed. The results of the studies showed that copper oxide nanoparticles with oxidative stress and cellular degradation disrupted the structure and process of gonadal spermatogenesis which due to the absence of mortality in mice may eventually overcome disturbances in normal conditions.