نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 40 (تابستان 1392)

The Gone by Days of Elderly People, authored by Mahmoud Dolatabadi is a well-known Iranian novel, which has been written based on magical realism literary style. Beneath the realistic and historical layer of this novel, the permanent and firm presence of a legendary world is evident. In this manner, the legendary savior or Sushians plays a fateful role. This article studies Sushians and related topics in connection with the formation of magical realism in this novel. It is concluded that the author in an apparent attempt to pull out of the corrupt human community, is after the creation of utopia; the example of which is evident in Sushians, within the framework of the artistic world. The writer recreates these legends: Sushians in the framework of Se Saamoun and Saam; the impostor in the framework of caliph of Chalang; Gouaak Pad, the mother of Sushians within the framework of Baluch girl/ the mother of Saamoun. Also, in this novel, mentions have been made of the satanic world and expectation of the savior; three phases of creation; seven immortals and salvation, in line with their narrations based on Zoroastrianism.

The anecdotes of Haft-Paykar, penned by the renowned Iranian poet, Nezami, maintain a structural discipline in relation to plot and contents. Although their narrations are linear in form, the other parts of these anecdotes maintain a unique structure in legendary symbolism. The background and presentation of solutions to different issues in these anecdotes, in majority of cases, is a reflection of the epical form. The terms of presentation of each section of these anecdotes are compatible with the symbolic contents and the spirit of each section.In this study, efforts were made to make use of ancient role models and the Theory of Myths of Northrop Frye, in a bid to present an epical version of the poetic anecdote on ‘murder of dragon by Bahram and discovery of treasure by him’. At the end, it was cleared that the three structural sections of this anecdote show the background, and resolution of problems, which with the usage of symbolism and poetic atmosphere, reflect the repeated pattern of summer, winter, and spring myths. With due attention to these patterns: romance or irony and comedy are the literary form of each section. This approach to statement of anecdotes is observed in several Farsi traditional literary texts.

Focus on the other person is the main pillar in understanding the core of Mikhail Bakhtin’s anthropology. Although in the novel philosophical viewpoints, the need for the other as a subject has been emphasized; Bakhtin, through the expansion of the meaning and status of the other person, establishes the pillars of his anthropology on the interaction between oneself and the other, while putting one step further and attaching importance to the other person. He presents the theory of the other person. In the view of Bakhtin, the theory of another person draws new horizons in human bonds and their interactions within the framework of mutual, sympathetic, and equal relations in the contemporary era. In the mystical anthropology, the topic of the other person has always been attended, such that one can say mysticism revolves on the other person.This article intends to research the meaning and status of the other person in the philosophical anthropology of Bakhtin and in mystical anthropology, to show that Gnostics, based on an ethical approach, and Bakhtin, with a social approach, have emphasized on perception of the need for existence and preference of the other person in human life.

The renowned Iranian poet Saadi emphasized on usage of pennames, such that roughly 97% of his odes have a penname. The penname is usually in the form of third single person and second single person. The related poems are usually informative, or include a message or an advice. In this article, pennames in the odes of Saadi are in the form of third single person and second single person. The article studies the relative abundance of reports and messages, while showing the status of pennames in the odes of Saadi. At the end, a statistical figure on the said topics has been presented based on tables on relative abundance and the circular percentage graph of statistical data.

Despite the large-scale reflection on the anecdotes of wise madmen in Farsi literature, especially in the works of renowned poet, Attar Neyshapouri; the analysis of their mindsets has not taken center stage. This research intends to scientifically elaborate on the mindsets and languages of wise madmen, and to discover their logic, through analysis of the anecdotes of wise madmen in the works of Islamic authors, especially in the elegies of Attar Neyshapouri.On this basis, with the analysis of contents of four examples of anecdotes of wise madmen, an assumption was presented for study of the mindset and its relation with the language of these wise madmen, including the usage of irony and paradox by them. This study refers to this assumption as the assumption on encounters of mindsets

Badr Shaker Sayab and Qaysar Aminpour are the pioneers of contemporary Arabic poetry, and tasteful and innovative poets, whose poems clearly manifest and display the principles of Romanticism School of Thought, including naturism, and historical journeys.Qaysar Aminpour is a poet, who appropriately reflects sentiments and emotions in his works; although his poems mainly revolve round suffering and pain, such that he is known as the poet who reflects hardships.These two poets maintain similar characteristics and poetic languages in temporal and spatial dimensions and aspects. This study is based on a number of assumptions:1- Both of these poets are committed to Utopian Romanticism School of Thought2- Their works portray geographical journeys and enthusiasm for arrival at their homeland3- Their works state sentiments and feelings such as pain, suffering, and loveThis article has made a comparative effort to discover terms of application of principles of Romanticism School of Thought and to state the similarities and differences of the works of these two poets with these principles.