پژوهشنامه مددکاری اجتماعی
پیاپی 11 (بهار 1396)

Based on traditions of qualitative research and grounded theory, the present research tries to study the dimensions of parent abuse (children’s violence against their parents) which is often kept secret by parents. Results of previous research suggest that considering the causes, context of the formation and consequences of this violence as well as its prevalence, parent abuse should be considered a social problem. Based on in-depth interviews conducted with 40 parents in Tehran, the instances of violence against parents were classified in three categories: emotional, physical, and financial aspects which in turn led to reactions from parents toward themselves, towards the child or towards a third person. The causes of violence were grouped in micro, meso and macro levels which could have implications for individuals and their families. Parental strategies against this phenomenon were categorized in two active and passive strategies. At the end, findings were articulated in a concept model. Although this study can have certain theoretical contributions to the field of family violence which has been neglected earlier, due to the small sample size, the generalizability of the results is not possible.

In the past four decades, Iran has hosted the largest population of foreign immigrants, mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq and currently, Iran ranks as the second country in accepting the most Afghan immigrants after Pakistan. After safety and economics, education is one of the most important factors in attracting Afghan immigrants to Iran. Public schools, universities, literacy movements, private schools, and charity schools in Iran have made education possible for all migrants with any social status or level of education. However, this education is tied to difficulties such as family economic issues, providing identity documents, deliberate obstacles, personal preferences, religious concerns, disagreement of local people, etc. This paper studies the situation of educational integration and the difficulties regarding the habitation of afghan immigrants in Shahrak-e Qaem in Qom who have formed half of its inhabitants. The author used interviews and participation along with observation for gathering the data. This data is extracted from the research on immigrants' lifestyles, and is visualized based on qualitative analyses of their experiences in domains such as studies, social networks, economics, and bureaucracies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social participation and social crime prevention. The present study is an applied survey of cross-sectional type. The statistical population of the study included citizens aged 18 years and above of the city of Bijar Garoos. The sample size was estimated to be 380 people. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. To ensure reliability, the Cronbach's alpha for social participation variables were calculated 0.91, which included participation in religious activities, 0.84, participation in social activities, 0.75, participation in charity, 93.1, participation in local activities, 0.87. For the social prevention variable, the Cronbach alpha was equal to 0.76. The results of this research indicate a positive relationship between participation in religious activities, social activities and NGOs, charity, local activities and the tendency towards social crime prevention.

The study of human actions and their unintended consequences have been one of the fundamental concepts in social sciences research. The importance of studying the unintended consequences of an action is not solely due to the positive or negative consequences of the intentions of the actors of action, but the production of other sequential results that go beyond the predictive value of the actors. The use of land mines in the war is a result of targeted action among hostile forces, which results in unpredictable personal and social consequences that are widespread and unpredictable. The problems caused by negative consequences of this phenomenon are caused by various social institutions and costing enormous costs to the community. The purpose of this study was to investigate the unintended social consequences of landmines in the province of Kurdistan as one of the most polluted provinces of the country. The theoretical foundations of this research are rooted in the studies of Merton and Giddens. This is a mixed methods stud and the population of the study consisted of all civilians who have been exposed to some kind of mine injury in Kurdistan. Part of the data has been obtained through the documentation of the Janbazan Foundation, the Red Crescent and other resources, and part has been gathered through interviewing the individuals exposed to landmines. The results of the research showed that the use of anti-personnel landmines and their unintended consequences, not only take many lives but are also a source of migration, divorce and insecurity, and have caused serious damage to the environment, agriculture and tourism. All the damage caused by this phenomenon is still unknown and is expanding in terms of time, place and scopes. The results of the use of landmines and a serious response to this need require extensive and continuous cooperation between the civilians, the Government and international institutions to prevent the production, storage and use of anti-personnel landmines.

The study of how individuals with disabilities spend their leisure time in order to identify their limitations and weaknesses based on their viewpoints is an essential element in planning. The results will be effective in improving the services and investment with the goal of improving, at least, part of their leisure time quality. The purpose of this study is to identify how individuals with physical disabilities in Kashan spend their leisure time. The research tool for this applied study is a questionnaire with 66 items which was developed after the study of the background and theoretical foundations of the research with an approach to empowering individuals with physical disabilities in managing their leisure time. The tool was validated with the help of experts in the field and its reliability was caluculated using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient to be 0.776. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using AMOS and SPSS softwares. Findings indicate that home-activities with a factor load of 0.93 had a greater role in the leisure time of individuals with physical disabilities. Socializing with friends with a factor load of 0.77 ranked in second followed by computer activities, mass media, and the family. The results of the study on the problems of individuals with physical disabilities in spending their leisure time indicate that low safety of sports equipment and lack of proper equipment for exercise with a factor load of 0.90 are the main barriers to performing leisure time activities. Other important obstacles are a lack of leisure facilities such as benches and sports facilities, lack of standard footpaths, adequate floor coverings and parking spaces with regression weights of 0.88, 0.82, 0.81, 0.77 and 0.57, respectively. In order to improve the leisure-time patterns of individuals with physical disabilities community-based rehabilitation programs are required. In this regard, planning for and empowerment of individuals with physical disabilities can be more effective with six rehabilitational activities including family education, community education, individuals with physical disabilities referring to higher levels of support and guidance, providing rehabilitation aids, employment, and social support for individuals with physical disabilities.

This present study is descriptive and aims to examine the attitudes of women with disabilities who reside in the city of Tehran toward childbearing. The studied population consists of all married women with disabilities in Tehran (1500 people) based on the results of 2017 National Population and Housing Census in Iran. The sampling method was a systematic sampling method and the size of the sample was determined through Cochran formula through which 300 people were selected as the sample of the study. The required data for the Study were collected through questionnaires. Results of the factor analysis have proved that there is no correlation between the measures of any factor with the measures of other factors and any factor has its own impact on the disabled women’s attitude toward child bearing. According to calculations of the Chi-square test, there is a significant correlation between the attitudes of women with disabilities toward childbearing and economic, social and cultural factors. There is also a significant relationship between the attitudes of women with disabilities toward child bearing and the number of their brothers and sisters as well as their family size. There was a significant relationship between the attitudes of women with disabilities toward child bearing and social welfare, circumferential justice and benefiting from social security. Regression results have shown that demographic factors with over 57%, social factors with more than 69%, economic factors with more than 58% and cultural factors with more than 63% have been effective in determining the attitudes of women with disabilities towards childbearing.

In the recent two decades, a special kind of homelessness which is named ”rough sleeping” has appeared and paid attention to in Iran, especially in the great city of Tehran. Meanwhile, sleeping rough is seen as a social concern and could be transformed into social harm. It is a sign and results in other social concerns and harms in society. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of rough sleeping individuals, discover and bring out theory within these experiences, and draw the related paradigm, including conditions (structure), action (process), and outcomes. The research is of qualitative type and follows the Grounded Theory (GT) method. Data were collected through deep and semi structured interviews with people sleeping rough on the surface of Tehran city, during the year 2016-2017. The sampling method was purposeful and with a sample size of 34 individuals, theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were coded and analyzed through phases of open, axial and selective coding suggested by "Strauss and Corbin".The disconnection-dependency limbo” appeared as axial category. This term means disconnection of the individual from the society, family and support sources and being dependent on the abnormal group of people sleeping rough for compensating for their losses and deprivations. The people sleeping rough confront this phenomenon by taking on survival, continuation and going-out strategies and face the consequences. Results indicate that rough sleeping is shaped in the context of structural and macro factors interacting with individual factors. A solution is to change the social conditions of these persons, and the rough sleeping person can be an active agent in this process.