نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 12-13 (تابستان و پاییز 1385)

In the history of Persian literature, no other poet as much as Nezami, has not ever attached importance to Dos and Don’ts of poetry and poetics. He has put this on the sharp focus his Makhzan - alasrar (Wealth of secrets) than his other works . Except for the rare cases, Nezami has demonstrated his commitment to his saying about poetry and poetics. Given his view on them, Nezami can be considered as the first poet who has a manifestation on poetry and poetics. In his statement, Nezami encourages other poets to leave materiality, and encourage them toward ascetics, religion, poetry time rightness, innovation expressing new thing, selection expressing. He also advises other poets to follow the traditions and prohibits them from satire, falsehood and plagiarism. Nezami believes that poetry takes precedence over prose, and insists on the un-translatability of poem and its adornment and editing. He also contends that poets should avoid selling their poems, but the proponents of good poems should not be ignored.

Sources available in Persian language about the literary genre of “short Short story” are, in comparison with sources about the short story, very scarce. Likewise, Iranian writers of fictions are more motivated to write short stories than short short stories. This essay offers a definition of the short short story and proceeds to explain the structure of this form of fiction and discusses its elements. The next section of the essay presents a detailed analysis of “Safheye Havades”, a typical short short story written by the contemporary Iranian writer Ali Ghane’. It is argued, in this analysis, that the author has succeeded in exploiting the potentials of this literary genre to defamiliarize some aspects of social realities and that in fact this short short story could be considered as a critical commentary on the dominant culture of our society, a commentary through which the author has managed to critically scrutinize our habituation to tragedy as an everyday phenomenon as well as our solipsistic behavior.

Selecting paint in "Functional Psychology" concerns psychology of personality. Person's interests to a specified paint are not the same. The real meaning of paint is defined and is the same for all in such a psychology. Analyzing paint usage in the poems and writers works facilitates understanding the writer's mental situation. This article tries to be close to Nima mental situation by presenting a statistic on 8 functional paints of Marks Lusher in Nima poetries collection and their arrangement based on their consequence through analyzing paint psychology and classifying them in an even order. "Black" is the highly used paint in Nima poetries but it is not the paint of poems spirit paint as the "Blue" paint shows the poem's tendency toward acquiring tranquility. Black in Nima's poetries means expressing sympathy over the needy and is a cry for the age of hoarseness. The third pain is "Yellow". It means a path for freedom from the challenges and is a symbol to show a hard working mind to create a world wide brotherhood. The forth paint is "Green" (If "White" which is not within the eight ones is considered, it is the fifth one) which is not paid attention. It, after "Yellow" means escape to be free. The last paint is "Red". Its place here means it is ignored and it means lack of encourage for life and offending. The minor paint in Nima's poetries is "Grey" and ""Violet" whose proximity expresses an artful mind of Nima.

The result of this article shows that Anima is a creature with asurprising face,manner in Sepehri’s` poems. Anima has manyfaces. Sometimes it is called clearly wind or water,sometimes itcan be suggested by the affects it imposes on the atmosphere. Animaimmediately appears,disappears in night in form of a dream.Dialogue of the narrator with anima is the most ambiguous andimaginative content in Sepehri’s poems. The most important ofnarrator’s concern is to reach anima by passing the difficult way inmind,spirit. The dialogue,relation to Sepehri,comparing withthe last series,has a different meaning aspect in the first series

In an overall view, Saqiname (drinking song) and Moghaninameh can be considered as a tavern lyric were particularly a dominant genre from 9th to 12th centuries (A.H.). The more elaborate and complete forms of this genre were composed as rhymed couplets (akin to heroic couplet). This type of poetry would allow the poet to express the forbidden thoughts of his time under the pretence of ecstasy caused by wine drinking. The invocation of wine, tavern, and cup-bearer (Saqi) might also be a kind of denunciation of what he considered as rigmarole. From this perspective, Sakinameh is a social, idealistic and even rebellious poem. The aim in this article is to define and examine the structure, characteristics, and background material of this genre. Considering its precedent in Persian poetry, then two samples, a classic one (from Zuhuri Turshiz, due to the elaborate ad complete structure of his poem) and a modern one (from Hooshang Ebtehaj, the Iranian contemporary poet) will be compared and studied.

Paul Ricoeur, French thinker, gives priority to the text itself in his literary hermeneutics and is categorized in the text-centered group. He puts forward this key question in his theory if a literary text has semantic autonomy. He believes that the text has semantic autonomy based on three dimensions of 1) Author’s intention ,2) Primary reader and 3) Social-historical circumstances of the text production. According to this interpretation, the text is an array of words having meaning and the consciousness and intent of author and it’s socialhistorical conditions haven’t any role in formation of it’s meaning. It should be mentioned that there has been too controversies over this matter, that is, semantic autonomy of text, that each of controversies has noted to special dimension of it. One of these controversies is the subject of this essay, that is going to see to Paul Ricoeur’s literary and text-centered hermeneutics from the view of it’s function for interpretation of political novel. Therefore, in this essay, the existing political concepts in the political novel are important. The concepts like power, authority, and etc, that can make Ricoeur’s text model fragile, because Ricoeur’s work doesn’t provide a framework for interpretation of the political texts, in general, and political novel, in particular, by virtue of it’s focus over semantic conditions (Autonomy of the text from author and it’s social-historical circumstances).

Honore de Balzac, the French realistic author, offers us a work that might be the one of the greatest real-fantastic works in 19th century. In the story of Leather Shagreen, the reader is introduced two Balzac’s mental aspects of Balzac namely critical point understanding and imaginative Balzac which explain Balzac’s interests in supernatural forces, talisman and superstition. The story Leather Shagreen points to a pieces of miraculous leather which surely is similar to Solomon’s seal. In this comparative study, we showed the two stories’ similarities, which indicates that stories might have a common source. Then the characters and elements of the story are studied

The present article analyses the Sociological aspect of Nima's "kareShabpa",demonstrates that there is a direct,intelligibleconnection between the aesthetic objects,their Social context.Literary works usually mirrors up the external Social Conditions andsometimes it is a negative reflection turning out to be a bitter criticismto the present society. By the Same token,it is true to say that Nima'spoetry is a reflection of the Spirit of the time of the contemporarySociety,also,in particular,criticism,rejection of social affairsand norms."Kare Shabpa" (the job of farm nightwatch) is a realistic work whichattempts to describe the different Social Classes,their affairs andalso the interaction between upper,lower classes of the society.The basic premise of the present article is to look at Nima's poetryfirstly from sociological perspective,secondly tries to designaterealistic elements such as language,local color,organic form of thepoem,its rightness to the organic society.