نشریه بررسی های آمار رسمی ایران
سال بیست و نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 93، پاییز و زمستان 1397)

In recent decade Investigate of effective elements on energy consumption has concerned by economists and policy makers. Resources scarcity spatially energy has important role in supply and demand circular model from demand side as a final good as well as from supply side as input and intermediates goods has play widely. In spite of existence oil and gas resources In Iran and other OPEC countries this is important subject. This paper wants to show effective elements on energy consumption like: financial development, energy intensive, inflation and urbanization have significant effect on energy consumption. The panel data composition by [40] with small change has been used the panel data has used from 1990 to 2014 for OPEC countries. The results show that financial development has positive effect on energy consumption.

One of the problems of urbanization in the city of Ardebil is the impact of the migration phenomenon on the formation of an informal settlement in the city. The research method is analytical and descriptive. The required data is collected through library and field methods (questionnaire-interview), and data analysis is done using qualitative comparative analysis using SPSS and Excel software.The results of this paper indicate that economic factors such as lack of employment with 41%, lack of welfare facilities and services with 30%, longing to find high-paid jobs with 45%, and urban attractions with 29% are the most important factors of accommodation in Mir-Ashraf informal (marginal) settlements.

The construction and housing sector is one of the most important sectors of the Iranian economy, which has a major share in GDP, investment and employment, and having a strong relationship with various economic sectors, stimulates the growth of other economic sectors of the country. A survey of the building sector's employment, value added, and GDP figures show that employment in the construction sector has almost increased from 2006 to 2013 and has declined since 2013. The value added growth of this sector is negative except for the years 2006 to 2009 and 2011. The results of the censuses of 1986 to 2016 show that the housing units of the country have increased along with the growth of population and households. A survey of household indicators in the housing sector indicates a change in the lifestyle of households and an improvement in the number of households in a residential unit. The indicators of purchasing power and waiting time for homeownership also show that these indicators have improved since 2014, The Waiting Time for homeownership Index in Urban Areas for a Residential unit of 80 square meters, assuming no housing price changes and deducting all household expenses from its income, shows that if the household is saving its income, in 2014 It can become a homeowner after 176.1 years and in 2016 after 37 years, so in 2016 urban households have to wait 37 years for homeownership.

Nowadays, Internet has a key role to facilitate economic activities in each country. In banking sector, Internet and information technology is one of the tools that help banks to reduce costs. The aim of this study is to examine the impacts of Internet on Banking System return. Therefore, the banking data for the 11 selected MENA countries (68 banks) in the period 2005-2018 extracted from the Bank scope database and then, the model was fitted to the panel data. The estimation results show that capitalization depth, credit risk variables, loan specialization ratio, banking size, Islamic property of  bank and the bank's share ability to trade in the stock market have positive and statistically significant effect (at 5% significance level) on the return of banks. Also, the amount of state owned banks and the inefficiency ratio of banks have a negative impact on banks' returns. Based on the model estimation results, if other variables be constant, by increasing internet variables as 1000 units, the return of banks. increase as 0/17 to 0/35 percent.

One of the essential assumptions while working with the linear regression models based on the variation of the mean of response variables is independency among error components. To fail this assumption guide researchers to utilize linear mixed effect models. But, to use the latter models is dependent on absence of outliers, one can employ the linear mixed quantile models where error component follows asymmetric Laplace distribution. In this paper, the performance of the available frequentist estimation methods in these models was first evaluated through simulation studies. It is seen that the combined methods approximated quadrature Gauss and unsmooth optimization algorithm leads to more accurate estimators in compare with the stochastic approximation of expectation maximization algorithm. Then, due to dependency between the expenditure as well as having outliers among households in the provinces, the model has been used to analyze the Iranian households’ income and expenditure data in urban area which is collected at 2010. Regarding the results gained, it is expected that households with more income tend to pay more on their costs. On the other hand, the area of housing unit, the population of the province, number of employed members of household and dewelling occupation have less effect on the gross cost of households. In addition, employement statue of the older head of household leads to a reduction in the gross cost.

This paper, based on population and housing census data, examines the social and economic characteristics of foreigners and their impact on labor market in 1395 compared to 1390. The results indicate that the active population of foreigners increased by 10.3% in 1395 compared to 1390. Also, the foreign labor force in 1395 had an increase of 14.5% compared with 1390, against foreign unemployed in 1395, it had fallen by 42.6%. The inactive population of foreigners has experienced an increase of 0.4 percent in 1395 compared to 1390.The 7.9 % of the youth working in the country were foreign nationals. The share of young people between 15 and 24 years old has more than doubled in 1395 compared to 1390. Compared to the year 1390, the number of foreign-educated foreign students dropped by 28.8 percent, a decrease in women's share. Assuming the domestic labor force is not replaced, in 1395, the foreigners from the labor market of the country has led to a decrease in the rate of economic participation and, on the other hand, leads to an increase in the unemployment rate.