فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 44 (تابستان 1398)

The research is to determine the strategies and outcomes of the development of Iran professional sport. To achieve the goal, according to the specialty of the subject, qualitative study was used by interviewing the elite with this topic. Interviews were conducted on purposeful snowball method and finally, 18 people were interviewed. The data from the interviews were analyzed by data method through three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The findings of the strategies indicated nine main areas that cover the internal and external challenges of the development of professional sports in the country. These areas include: managerial, legal, human resources, hardware, facilities, entrepreneurship, and economics, structural and cultural-media. Also, the identified consequences of the strategies include: Entrepreneurship, economic development, national development, behavioral development and structural development, which were largely in line with the strategies. According to the research findings, the proposed strategies can be a contributor to the sports managers of the country in relation to the development of professional sport in the country.

The study is to identify the causal conditions that affect the development of the capabilities of elite managers in selected sport organizations in Iran. The methodology in this research is qualitative (Grounded Theory) and data collection was done through interviewing and reviewing the literature. The statistical population of the research includes the scientific elites and sports elites in physical education and sport sciences- active in selected sports organizations in the country. The research sample was determined theoretically and after the 17 interviews, the framework of the theory was formed. Data analysis was performed using three open, axial and selective coding steps with using Atlas.Ti software version 5٫2. Based on the results of the research, the conditions affecting on the establishment and development of the capabilities of elite managers in selected sport organizations of the country were extracted in seven indices. These factors include identification of organizational factors, resource management, performance management and communication within and outside the organization, comprehensive monitoring system, attention to motivational issues and a different look at the strategies identified in the organization. The results showed that in order to promote sports organizations and advance targets by human resources, it is necessary to identify some of the causal conditions for developing managers' capabilities. These conditions can be exploited by identifying and exploring the factors relevant to the organization and its affiliated groups in the community, and will lead to the development of managers' capabilities and other related developments.

The study is to determine the relationship between the dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing and the performance of private sports clubs in Tehran. In terms of data collection, descriptive correlations were used. The research population was all private sports clubs in Tehran (459 clubs) among which 217 clubs selected according to the Morgan table. 250 questionnaires were distributed among the managers of the clubs and finally 203 questionnaires were analyzed. In order to collect data and measure the variables of the model, entrepreneurship marketing questionnaire Fiore et al. (2013) and Hosseini marketing questionnaire (2011) were used. Its reliability was based on Cronbach's alpha, which was more than 0/7 and its validity was confirmed using convergent validity. Descriptive statistics (tables and graphs of frequency 25 distribution) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and Multiple Linear Regression) and structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that there is a positive correlation between entrepreneurial marketing and its dimensions (chance of awareness, innovation, value creation, risk management) and the marketing performance of private sports clubs in Tehran. Based on the results of the research model, the entrepreneurial marketing of the effect had a significant positive effect on the marketing performance of private sports clubs in Tehran. According to the research results, entrepreneurial marketing can be well suited to small and mediumsized businesses, such as sports clubs, due to its unique characteristics, leading to increased profitability and ultimately improved club performance.

The research is to investigate the relationship between perfectionism, selfdetermination and contrastive methods between sport teams. Research sample was the same as population (232 persons) and were consisted of all of the athletic students. The data was collected by three questionnaires: perfectionism multidimensional (1990), (α=0/87), Behavioral Regulation in Sport (2008), (α=0/8) and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (1995), (α=0/896). The data was analyzed by mean, standard deviation, Kolmogorov– Smirnov, Pearson and regression by SPSS (20). There was a positive significant relationship between perfectionism (P=0/00, r=0/38) and Concern over mistakes (P =0/00, r=0/26), suspect about performance (P =0/00, r=0/17), parental expectations (P =0/00, r=0/35), parental criticism (P =0/00, r=0/35), personal standards (P =0/00, r=0/17), and organization (P =0/00, r=0/06) and contrastive methods. Also, parental expectations (β= 0/26) and parental criticism (β= 0/15) were significant predications for contrastive methods. There was a positive significant relationship between self-determination (P=0/04, r=0/13) and internal reasons (P=0/01, r=0/15), coordination's reasons (P=0/00, r=0/17), identification (P=0/04, r=0/13), adjustment avoidance reasons (P=0/00, r=0/21) external avoidance reasons (P=0/00, r=0/24). The external avoidance reasons (β= 0/20) was the only significant predication for contrastive methods. According to the results, perfectionism and self-determination were the contrastive methods for athletes.

The study is to design a model for the effects of social and psychological functions of sport social media on attachment of Tehran Esteghlal team fans. The methodology was correlation that was done as a field survey. The statistical population was all fans of Tehran Esteghlal team that were a member at least on the club's official page in Instagram or official channels Esteghlal Tehran in the telegram. 389 corrected questionnaires of Esteghlal Club fans who participated in Derbey’s play at Azadi Stadium in Tehran as samples were collected. From library studies and recent researches in field of social media in sport, the research instrument was designed that was confirmed face and content validities by seven professors in sport management and media. The reliability of the research instrument in the pilot study was accounted (α=0/76). The result of the Cronbach's alpha test for social and psychological functions (α =0/86) and for attachment of fans (α = 0/88) indicated a desirable reliability of the research instrument. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) also confirmed the study instrument. The results showed that psychological and social function of sports social media has a direct and positive effect on attachment of fans (P<0٫05). Based on the results, the marketing managers of sports clubs is suggested that by social and psychological functions, social media can be used to attract new fans and promote loyalty of current fans and the club and their fans have benefits from supporting each other’s.

The study is to evaluate the success rate of Management Information System in the Ministry of Sports and Youth based on the basis of Delon and McLean model. This research is descriptive-survey and it is applied in terms of purpose and is done in a field and questionnaire. Using the rule of thumb for the analysis of structural equations, the minimum sample size was 320. So, 350 questionnaires were distributed among employees and managers and finally 329 questionnaires were returned. A Delun and McLean (2003) questionnaire was used to collect data. To test reliability, the correlation coefficient of test-post test and Alpha-Cronbach's coefficient were obtained 0/82 and 0/90, respectively. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, formal and content method was used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used to present and validate the model in Amos 20 and SPSS software. Correlation results showed that there is a significant correlation of 99/99٪ between the main correlation variables, which allows for further analysis. The results showed that the quality of the information system, the quality of information and the quality of the services of the Ministry of Sport were related to the user's use of the system and user satisfaction and the quality of the system is related to net benefits, and the quality of information and service quality with net benefits through user's use and satisfaction Users are affected by the system. Therefore, it can be concluded that the success of the management information system based on the Delon and McLean model can be effective in expediting and improving efficiency.

Today, leadership style is a key word for the successful implementation of organizations with innovation and creativity and the transformational leadership style can play this role very well due to its prominent characteristics. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between transformational leadership style, creativity and organizational innovation in the field of physical education in education. The present study is a descriptive survey that describes, correlates, analyzes relationships and comparisons between the variables under study in two groups of managers and deputies (first group) as well as staff and experts in physical education (second group) of the country's educational institutions 1397 has been discussed. The sample studied in this study is equal to the statistical population and the total number. In this research, multivariable leadership questionnaires (MLQ-5x) in this research were multivariable leadership questionnaires (MLQ-5x) Bass and Avolio (2000) and organizational innovation and creativity Gumusluoglu Lale and Arzu Ilsev (2009) after determining the credibility and stability and reliability were used. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between transformational leadership and creativity as well as employee and employee innovation, and the ability and motivation of employees are influenced by the transformational leadership style.

The study is to investigating the effect of organizational intelligence on productivity through IT mediation in sports and youth departments. The present research is an applied research type and a correlation study. The statistical population includes all employees (1300) of sports and youth departments in 1397. In this research, using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 280 of them were randomly selected as samples. Data were collected by Albrecht's Organizational Intelligence Questionnaire, Hanafizadeh's Information Technology and Productivity (Achieve Model) Hersey and Blanchard and Goldsmith. To investigate and analyze these variables simultaneously, structural equation modeling using causal modeling in Amos software with α = 0,01 and at a significant level of 99% was used. The findings showed that, organizational intelligence and information technology have a positive and significant effect on productivity with the standardized coefficients of 0,27, 0,83, .Also the coefficient of influence of the organizational intelligence on the mediating variable (information technology) is 0,66 and the effect of the mediating variable on productivity is 0.83. The indirect effect of the organizational intelligence variable on productivity was 0,547, which means that organizational intelligence has meaningful and indirect effect on productivity through the intermediate variable of IT.

In recent decades, along with industrialization, improvements in public health and subsequently higher life expectancy indices, population of elderly people has been increased. The elderly ages are very important years of human life, because of progressive degeneration of human body tissues and its very deep impacts on physical performance. One of the most impressive changes is muscular tissue decrement and atrophy of skeletal muscles, so called “sarcopenia”. The disease is so debilitating and causes sever dysfunction, quality of life, and life expectancy of patients. In this article, most important aspects of ageing and muscle fiber changes and training effects on strength, endurance and composition of muscle fibers of elderly people are reviewed.

This qualitative study, by semi-structured interviews and based on young people's views, is to know how young people and their families, in interactions with each other, manage young people's marriages. Sample consists of 25 young peoples who are men and women, married and unmarried, and also from different ages and classes. Selection procedure is information-oriented and designed based on maximum variation and extreme cases. The research shows that the main burden of young people's marriages is on the shoulder of the family. It is enforced by traditional family roles in managing young people's marriages, as it is paralleled by, and accumulated with, new responsibilities, which are related to managing young people's educational aspirations and also their efforts for making an independent life. Since family does not have enough resources and simultaneously have to cope with different tasks, it inevitably 34 would be faced with an unbearable and exhaustive situation, in addition to, probable pressure and intensified and increased inequality. The study also shows that relationships between young people and their families in managing marriages are based on reciprocal actions and also flexible interactions. Parents accept young people's right to make decisions and conduct their marriages, whereas young people, instead of rewarding family supports, embrace traditional procedures and acknowledge family interferences. This means that, whereas young people reflexively manage their marriages, families have beneficially remained efficient in supporting modern marriage processes. On these bases new order in managing young people's marriages is under construction.

The study is to study the sociological study on the Transition of religious culture through families to young people in the last four decades. Theoretical framework in present study benefited from the views of Berger and Lockman, Inglehart, Giddens, Glock, and Stark. The research method is descriptiveexplanatory. The statistical population consisted of the youth of the last four decades in Tehran, the sample size was 390 people using Cochran formula and the samples were selected using cluster sampling and random sampling. To collect data, a questionnaire with interview and observation technique was used which has formal and reliable content validity with Cronbach's alpha of 0/83. Findings showed that religious culture significantly and directly correlates with the institutionalization of religion in the family. Among the studied age groups, there was a significant and negative difference in the religious culture of the last four decades. Also, the findings from the multiple regression model showed that the variables of religious education, beliefs, beliefs, education, commitment and commitment of the family towards religion were among the influential and significant factors in the transfer of religious culture in the last four decades.

Young people are the crucial elements of development in every country which existing them accounts for one of the tools of power in each nation – states. It must be mentioned having the social young people couldn’t produce or create power deliberately without being made planning exactly by senior policymakers. The unemployment issue in the young field is a widespread phenomenon, but developed countries by means of allocating time and executing scientific methods could reach to some extent the tangible goals that one of them paying careful attention the education system. Education can give rise to promoting talent, creativity, and entrepreneurship. The well educated and skilled youth have got more potential to be attracted in foreign and domestic labor market. Whereas the main foundation of men identity is to possess a job and for women is to get marriage and family formation, qualitative education could result in employment and it can increase capability the young people to family formation. The youth who has a job and family has less probability to be engaged to social vulnerabilities. From creating the equation, in addition, having dynamic and energetic youth, and creative society, the country makes more profit from economic growth and national security.

Although wishes have been considered as one of the most indispensable concepts with many social consequences, but little attention has been given by sociologists to them. Furthermore, psychologists also have reduced this concept to the just some psychological features. In this study, with highlighting some special characteristics of wishes, we attempted to shed a light on their roles and influences on the social orientation of society. To do so, an extensive research has been done in order to identify and assess the Youth social wishes. In this vein, a first exploratory and interview-based study resulted in 18 identified categories of wishes. Then, we assessed the importance level of wishes and the impacts of structural-demographic variables (including gender, age and field of study) on them through a multi-stage cluster sampling survey among 2712 adolescents in Yazd city. According to the results, family-based and political wishes have been chosen as the most and the least important categories of wishes respectively. Furthermore, results showed that the importance of wishes for girls has been more than boys and in general, the importance of wishes decreased as they grew up. In addition, there has been significant relation between their field of study and some category of wishes. Finally, with discussing on the probable social consequent of wishes, the fields requiring planning and policy were introduced.

The study is to measure social health and some social factors affecting it. The theoretical framework of this research is based on theories of Keys, Baudrillard, Lycec, Berkman, Rose and Wu. The method of this research is quantitative and survey type. The statistical population includes all students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. The sample size was 374 persons based on the Cochran formula. The stratified sampling was considered proportional to volume. The findings showed the mean of social health of students as 100/44 which indicates that their average health is moderate. The findings also showed that there is a significant relationship between perceived social support, mass media, field of study and sex with social health. There was also a reverse and significant relationship between age and social health, but there was not a significant relationship between membership variables in social networks and ethnicity with the dependent variable of social health. The results of multivariate regression showed that three variables (perceived social support, mass media and age) account for 10/3٪ of the changes in social health.

Considering the increasing trend of premarital sexual activity among girls in recent years, the current study is to understand in-depth girls’ experiences of premarital sexual relationships with the opposite sex and related consequences. This study utilized qualitative and phenomenological research methodology. Due to the qualitative nature of the study, a targeted sampling method (snowball sampling) was used. This study took into account the theoretical saturation criterion and conducted interviews with 30 girls aged 18 – 31 years residing within the city of Tehran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection, and data were analyzed using either textual or thematic methods. The results were ultimately categorized into 4 primary levels: problems and challenges within the relationship, problems and challenges outside the relationship, relationship as an opportunity for growth, and self-restraint. Based on the results of current study we can concluded that relationship with opposite sex can both have positive consequences included increased awareness towards oneself and towards others, and negative consequences included pessimism towards the opposite sex, fear of establishing relationships, development of physical problems, among others.