نشریه جستارهای اقتصادی ایران
پیاپی 32 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

In recent years, the reduction of economic vulnerability has become one of the goals of many policymakers, and the identification of effective factors on reducing vulnerability is of great importance. This issue is more important for the Iranian economy, which needs to be more resilient. The question of the paper is that, considering the global literature on the complexity index, is the improvement of the complexity of the economy affecting the vulnerability index? After specifying the theoretical framework, the paper tests the data of 118 countries using a panel data model in the period (1997-1993). The results of the research show that: economic complexity and good governance both have a negative and significant impact on economic vulnerability. The recommendation is to focus on improving the quality of governance, the complexity of the economy (diversification and the knowledge base of exports), and the reduction of the share of oil exports, in order to reduce the vulnerability of the Iranian economy.

In this study, budget sustainability in Iran is investigated. This study takes into account the important issue and concept of establishing intergenerational justice in the exploitation of oil resources. In this study, with the study of literature on the issue of intergenerational justice in utilizing natural resources and its relation to budget sustainability, Iran's budget sustainability was measured and predicted using budget information in the two periods of 1395-1385 and 1395-1495. . By reviewing theoretical literature and in the research model, the relationship between generating justice among generations in using natural resources and establishing sustainability of the budget will be examined. In the period under study, the non-resource primary balance to non-oil GDP (NRPB ) has always been negative , which means that the government has never been able to balances its costs without relying on oil revenues. At the second time section, the same indicator (as one of the symbols of budget instability) will be negative. Therefore, the Iranian government's budget has not been sustained during the studied period and will not be sustainable as the current trend continues. With the sustainability of the budget, the budget indicators will improve, meaning in its simplest sense, at the end of the oil reserves, the state can balance its budget without relying on oil revenues and even save significant amounts of oil revenues and add to its foreign exchange reserves. There is also an intergenerational right to use oil revenues will be reserved.

AbstractCredit risk is one of the most important risks that the banking system including Islamic banks and conventional banks is faced. The main source of this risk can be searched through certain banking factors and macroeconomic environment. Due to the important role of bank specific factors on the non-preforming loan of banks, in this study, the effect of management quality, capital adequacy, size and liquidity on credit risk using GMM panel data method in 2011-2016 is investigated in two groups of Islamic and conventional bank. In addition to specific factors, in order to control the role of the macroeconomic factors, the impact of GDP growth rate, exchange rate and inflation rates are considered as the control variable. The results show that there is significant negative correlation between credit risk and size, management quality and capital adequacy, but there is no significant correlation between liquidity ratio and credit risk in Islamic banks. On the other hand, in conventional banks, there are significant negative relation between liquidity, management quality and capital adequacy with credit risk, also results show an insignificant relationship between bank size and credit risk.

Even thous Moqavemah economics has been typically considered as a model of the economic system of Islam, there is no clear image presented about the relationship between Moqavemah and Islamic economics. Using an analytical method, the present paper evaluates the relationship between Moqavemah and Islamic ecomnomics. It is conjectured that Moqavemah economics is one of Meta theories in Islamic economics that express the view of Islam about economic vulnerabilities and resilience. The findings of paper could improve our understanding of the position of Moqavemah economics in the Islamic economic literature. In this respect, the theory contributes to the understanding of what makes vulnerable from an Islamic perspective and what present Islam as a solution to the problem. The Moqavemah economics theory is related to other Islamic economic theories such as the theory of Islamic development. We could improve the literature on Islamic economic development by incorporating the idea of Islam on economic resilience.

Orthodox microeconomics decision-making models are based on optimization but in the real world, most of decisions are institutionally and based on habits, rules and predetermined solutions. In this paper we have combined some concepts from cognitive-behavioral economics and new institutional economics to characterize institutional decision-making. Evidences from cognitive and behavioral economics show that the mental costs of direct optimization, even in simplest forms, are high and agents tend to make decisions institutionally to reduce this mental costs. Coase and Williamson argue that "non-zero transaction costs" can result “hierarchy” replaced instead of “market” and similarly we argue that "non-zero decision making costs" can result “institutional decision making” replaced instead of “direct optimization”. Religious behavior is a kind of institutional behavior (following religious rules and habits) and considering this view that institutional decision making and direct optimization both are important and both have distinctive roles in decision making process can influence microfoundations of Islamic economics.

The quality of organizing society for using productive resources and distributing blessings, opportunities and facilities in the society is one of the important issues in identifying of economic systems. Clearly, choosing the best organization and arrangements for a society based on the kind of attitude that is about the goals of the formation of society. It is clear that the choice of the best arrangements and the community-based society is based on the goals of the formation of society.Efficiency, which is a sign of the importance of economic growth, is one of the solutions presented to identify the economic organization of society and has been met with widespread economists and social scientists and has spread to other areas of humanities such as law. The establishment of community relations based on efficiency may lead to some conflicts with some of the goals and ideals of social and economic systems. Justice as one of the highest human ideals is one of the goals that has been challenged by social science theorists. Justice, in addition to being introduced in some cases in conflict with efficiency, can replace the efficiency in allocating resources. Accordingly, the study of the relationship between the concepts of efficiency and justice in determining the type of social arrangements is decisive and indisputable. This article, based on the review of authentic documents and using content analysis, identifies the important and fundamental features of these two concepts, discusses the relationship between them in the Islamic economic system and Effectiveness considers the most effective use of resources and factors for the implementation of justice. Therefore, he does not consider the conflict between the two concepts.

Zakat is one of the main Islamic taxes which it's guttering and distribution in society has important aim in economic development. Therefore determination of effective factors on zakat income in provinces of Iran is caused to better economic policy making. According to some problems an effective tax system can not be introduced in countries such as Iran. In this paper, effective factors, such as economical, political and social factors effects on zakat income is surveyed in selective provinces of Iran, with data of 2003-2014. Panel data model is used for estimation. Results reveal that, per income, value added in agriculture sector and value added in industrial sector as economical variables, hope to life and population rate as social variables, have positive effect on zakat income. Effect of per income variable is more than other variables and freedom political index does not have nay significant effect on zakat income in selective provinces.

In this study, the estimation of the private sector consumption function in Iran with the Islamic economics approach was evaluated using the Uncorrected Error Correction Model (UECM) band based convergence test (Boys, Shane & Smith, 2001) during the period of 1984-2017. Has been. In the estimated function, the consumption expenditure of the private sector in Iran, a function of non-oil GDP, the ratio of household religious expenditure to total household expenses as an indicator of people's faith, inflation and interest rates on bank deposits as a share of funds suppliers Participatory market is considered. The results of this estimate indicate that with a one-percent increase in non-oil GDP, private sector spending will increase by 1.01 percent, and with a one-percent increase in inflation, private sector spending will decrease by 0.63 percent. . With a one-percent increase in the people's faith index, private sector consumption is down 0.15 percent. The results indicate that increasing their faith will reduce their consumption. In this study, the interest rate on long-term bank deposits as a share of fund providers in the participation market did not have a significant effect on the consumption of individuals.

One of the important components of the resistance economy is economic resilience. It is once a resilient economic system that can absorb temporary or permanent risks and adapt itself to rapidly changing circumstances without losing its function. The issue of economic resilience for countries with a single-product economy is far more important because these countries are severely vulnerable to various shocks due to their dependence on the income of a particular product (such as oil). Therefore, the main objective of this study is to measure the resilience of economies in single-member economies during the period of 1995-1956. For this purpose, based on the export concentration index, Angola, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, Iraq, Mali, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Yemen were selected for study. . Economic Indicators of Resilience to Study According to Anhion and Bats (2015), household consumption, exports, GDP, public expenditures, gross capital formation, food imports, imports and inflation. In this study, Shannon's entropy method was used for weight loss and topsis method, numerical taxonomy, weighted average for ranking of resilience indices were used. In addition, using the Spearman-Shannon method, these three methods were compared. The main results of the study are: 1. Among the indicators of resilience, the final consumption expenditure of the state is most important.2. Compared to most countries, Iran has a favorable economic resilience with a single-product economy, but is not well positioned compared to countries in the region, such as Saudi Arabia.

Foreign Trade with Resistance Economy Diplomacy Approach is a new concept that examines the role of diplomacy in promoting foreign trade. The purpose of the present study is to design a foreign trade model with Resistance Economics approach. It is considered to have been implemented in two stages. First, by using a semi-structured thematic analysis method with experts in foreign trade, economic diplomacy and expert persistence, the relevant factors influencing the identification and initial conceptual modeling. It was then extracted through expert and expert opinion The distribution of the questionnaire and the application of the interpretive structural method identified the components of the final model of grading research and the relationship between them. The results show that 180 codes in 15 themes influence the foreign trade pattern. Also the fundamental change as an infrastructure Most relevant factors were identified as related factors, including supply chain completion, production development and internal deepening and institutional quality of Algebra respectively. The research results, while identifying the influential and strategic factors in foreign trade, paved the way for explaining its concept, separating this phenomenon from the cases Similar with the Resistance Economics Diplomacy approach as well as the conceptual model In order to understand and apply this model in foreign trade and other economic partnerships it has provided. Also due to the importance of expanding Iran-Iraq trade relations as well as regional cooperation especially Iraq, to ​​establish and maintain long-term relations with countries and countries. Its role in the country's economic growth in various industries, companies should consider the impact of this model on paving the way for foreign markets.

There are numerous and conflicting views on the impact of corruption on economic growth. A number of humanities scholars have described corruption as a good phenomenon and called it the grease wheel of the economy, and they believe that financial corruption improves the weak economic institutions, and by that means , The growth rate of the economy will increase. On the other hand, some scholars have emphasized the undesirable nature of corruption and considered financial corruption as the economy's sand and argued that corruption is costly and costly, and the ineffectiveness of the administrative process and the transfer of resources to non-productive activities is eroding economic growth.This paper studies the impact of corruption on the growth of the Iranian economy from 1983 to 2014 by using the talent allocation approach and by applying the econometric method of equation system. The divergence in talent allocation has slowed the growth of the Iranian economy in of these years.

Developing capital markets through Islamic securities can improve the efficiency and management of the money market, achieving macroeconomic goals, and financing public sector. One of the most important and costly organizations in the economy is the Prisons' Organization. Despite the numerous needs of the prisons, the financing of Islamic securities is still not applied for this organization. Therefore, it is necessary to measure individuals' willingness to pay for Islamic securities. The present study, seeks to measure the willingness to pay, for both for -profit and non-profit Islamic securities to finance prisons and analyze the factors affecting it. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), has been used to estimate the willingness to pay and rank-ordered probit, has been used to analyze the effective factors.the findings show that, the average willingness to pay of the citizens of Isfahan for profit Islamic securities is 17000000 Rial per family in one year, and the average of willingness to pay for non-profit securities, is 2600000 Rial per family in one year. Also, the variables income, type of assistance, the degree of trust to state institutions and aid intentions at the 95% confidence level affect on purchasing profitable Islamic securities and age, income, type of assistance, the degree of trust in state institutions and the assurance intention at the 95% confidence level and the prisoners' record at 90% confidence level have affected the probability of purchasing non-profit Islamic securities.