نشریه علوم و فناوری بذر ایران
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Evaluation of necessary and sufficient population number of a species in seed collection program requires knowledge of genetic diversity and differentiation. This study evaluated seed morphology and seed storage proteins profiles of 11 boxwood (Buxus hyrcana) populations, to determine the extent of genetic diversity. Seed morphology and seed storage proteins analysis of variance showed considerable variation with no geographical clines among populations. Hierarchical cluster analysis (UPGMA) of both markers showed that populations sampled from far west (samandkish, Gilan province) and far East (Bandargaz, Glestan province) of Hyrcanian forests were grouped together, however neighbor populations, Namakabrud1 and 2, grouped separately. The results could be due to the phenomenon of fragmentation of boxwood populations. Therefore seed collection from selective populations can lead to the loss of some genes and change genetic structure, indicating the importance of collecting seeds from local ecotypes. In other word seed collection only from a population in each Eco-geoghraphial region is not sufficient and often the populations that located in a same Eco-geoghraphial region may have different genetic structure. These results showed that to avoid genetic erosion of boxwood germplasm, Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran needs to collect seed from more populations in each Eco-geographical region.

To evaluate seed vigor of marigold affected as organic, biological, nano and chemical fertilizers on mother plant, a study was conducted in Research Center and Education of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Khorasan Razavi province. Plants were under the impact of 10 fertilizer treatments contains Compost (15 ton/ha), Vermicompost (5 ton/ha), cow manure (15 ton/ha), Compost with Pseudomonas putida, Vermi compost with Pseudomonas putida, Nanobiologic fertilizer (1.5 L/ha), Nano chalate ZFM (2 kg/1000 L), Nano composit Bioorganic (200 kg/ha), Chemical fertilizer (150N,50P,50K) and control. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 10 treatment with three replications. . Then traits such as percentage and speed of germination, mean germination time, seedling length, seed vigor index and seedling dry weight were measured. The results showed that fertilizer treatments had significant effects on germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, seedling length and vigor index of Calendula officinalis seeds but had not on seedling dry weight. The highest seed germination was found in compost treatment that was 94% (24.5% increment) and the lowest was seen in control treatment (76%). The highest germination rate was seen in compost treatment (6.05) and the lowest was in control (2.54). Application of compost in comparison to control showed 46.06% reduction in mean germination time. Also using compost had the greatest germination rate in compared to control (more than 138%). Overall compost treatment showed the best performance on the seed and seedling traits of marigold.

In order to study of acid gibberellic pretreatments on the enhancement of aged seed germination and seedling growth of Tanacetum parthenium in laboratory condition, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in seed technology laboratory in research institute of forests and rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2015. The factors A were: conservation in basic cold room (-18◦C), active cold room (+4◦C), regenerated seeds and aged seeds (48 h) and factor B were: osmopriming (PEG 0.3 and 0.6Mpa), hormon priming (500 and 1000 ppm of Acid Gibberlic), hydropriming (distilled water) and control. The usual germination characteristics were measured. Higher germination percentage and speed of germination and seedling length were obtained from regenerated seed which conserved at( 24Cº). The more germination characteristics were observed on the seeds which conserved in active room with duration of 10 to 20 years. The minimum germination characteristics were in aged seeds by artificial conditions. Highest germination characteristics were with Gibberlic Acid ( 1000 ppm) . Maximum some of germination traits were observed with osmopriming technique (Poly ethylene glycol 0.6 Mpa). The highest germination traits were obtained with Gibberlic Acid of (1000 ppm ) and Poly ethylene glycol of (0.6 Mpa), in active cold room. In base cold room seed reservoir, effect of osmopriming ((Poly ethylene glycol 0.6 Mpa) were more than other treatments while in aged seeds of artificial conditions, osmoprimin (Poly ethylene glycol 0.6, 0.3 Mpa) have more effect on aged seeds retrieval compare with other treatments.

Arctium lappa is a medicinal plant of Asteraceae. Seeds have a little germination due to seed dormancy. In order to break dormancy and increase the germination of its seeds an experiment with 28 treatments in a completely randomized design with four replications (25 seeds). Treatments were consisting of chemical scarification with sulfuric acid solution 98% for 10 and 20 min, hormone treatments of 24 and 48 hours of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (300 & 500 ppm), moist prechilling for 7 and 14 days at +5 °C temperature, and combined moist prechilling and hormonal treatments, hot water (70 °C, for 10 and 15 min.) humic acid (54 kg/L). Results showed that the effect of treatments on percentage and rate germination of Arctium lappa was significant (P≤%5). The maximum coleoptile length, radicle length, seedling length, germination percentage and germination ratio was related to 14 days moist prechilling treatment with GA3 (500 ppm- 48h) (98/78 %). On the basis of the results and with regard to the negative effect of H2SO4 and hot water on the consequential growth of seedlings, usage of 14 days moist prechilling accompanied with application of GA3 was appropriate.

One of the most important research fields in medicinal plants is the effect of environmental stresses on quantitative and qualitative yield of these plants and finding solutions for improving tolerance to these stresses. In order to study the influence of seed biopriming with Pseudomonas fluorescent and Trichoderma harzianum fungi on some germination and seedling indices of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) under drought stress an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Experimental factors included bio-inoculation in nine levels (inoculation with four strains of PF2, PF16, PF56 and CHA0 of Pseudomonas fluorescent, and T13, T36, T39 and T43 strains of T. harzianum and non-primed (control)) and three levels of drought stress (0, -3 and -6 bar imposed by PEG6000). Seed germination and seedling characteristics were evaluated. Results showed that by increasing the osmotic potential levels, germination indices were decreased. In 0 bar, the highest germination percentage, root length and seedling length vigor index were obtained from CHA0 treated seeds and in three levels of stress, the highest germination rate, shoot length, dry weight seedling and seedling weight vigor index related to seed treatments by T39. Compared to non-inoculated seeds, CHA0 increased the root growth by 46, 51 and 51%, respectively, at osmotic potential levels of 0, -3, and -6 bar, respectively. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded using fungus and bacterial treatments can be causing to increasing of germination and seedling characteristic of fennel seeds in optimum and stress condition.

To study the effects of artificial seed ageing on germination indices in the laboratory condition and seedling establishment and yield of two red kidney bean genotypes in the field condition, an experiment was carried out at Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in 2011. The two experiment design, were as factorial with four replications arranged in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) and complete randomized design (CRD) for field and laboratory condition, respectively. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of seed ageing – 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 days seed ageing – and two red bean genotypes (Akhtar and Sayyad). Results showed that germination percentage, germination rate, normal seedling and seedling vigor index significantly decreased by seed ageing treatment in standard germination test. Also, seed ageing significantly decreased germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length and dry weight, normal seedling and seedling vigor index in accelerated ageing test. Studied genotypes was different in terms of germination percentage, germination rate, normal seedling, seedling length, seedling vigor index and electrical conductivity test. In the electrical conductivity test, seed leakage increased by increment of seed ageing level and is sever in Akhtar compared to Sayyad. In the field condition, seedling emergence and grain yield significantly affected by genotype and seed ageing. Seedling emergence index, seedling establishment percentage and grain yield decreased by seed ageing treatment that was severe in Akhtar than that of Sayyad genotype.

Abstract1 Predicting seed viability would be extremely beneficial to seed producers and the prediction of seed viability depends on understanding the quantitative relationships between seed longevity, seed moisture content and storage temperature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed quality of plantago ovata seed under various seed moisture content, temperature and storage time and quantify this effect and determine the coefficients of life. Seeds with various moisture contents (5, 9, 13, 17%) were kept under four temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45°C) for six months. Analysis of variance indicated significant difference for all main and interaction effects. High temperature along with higher moisture content resulted in more deterioration in seeds. coefficients of life after six months of storage using the equation viability was Calculated. estimates of KE = 6, CW = 3, CH = 0.06, CQ = 0.000023 were derived for prediction of storage length. end

One of factors in successful seed hydropriming technique is seed imbibition duration. To evaluate hydroprimed seed vigor of three wheat cultivars as affected by seed imbibition durations and also evaluation biochemical changes during hydropriming, two experiments was done as factorial arrangement with completely randomized design. In first experiment, effect of 7 hydropriming durations (0 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 and 16 h ) was research on germination and seedling growth of Star, Chamran and Fong cultivars. In second experiment, some biochemical traits and enzyme activities was measured in primed seeds for 6 , 8 and 10 h hydropriming durations. Results of first experiment showed that hydropriming with 8 h imbibition has the most positive effect on seed vigor of wheat cultivars. Among of cultivars, Star has the higher root length and root weight. Star and Chamran cultivars have no significant difference for germination rate and the lowest of this trait was observed in fong cultivar. Results of second experiment showed that longer hydropriming duration caused greater α amylase enzyme activity and higher contents of soluble carbohydrates and proteins, also increase content of malondialdehyde and insufficient antioxidant enzyme activities in 10 h than 8 h hydropriming duration was observed. Among cultivars the highest and lowest α amylase enzyme activity and soluble carbohydrates and proteins was observed in Star and Fong cultivars respectively. In this research correlation antioxidant enzyme activities with germination and seedling growth was positive and significant.

In order to study effect of salinity and drought stress on germination and Seedling growth and fitness model hydrotime and threshold tolerance to salinity in two different species Basil, a factorial experiment in a randomized completely design was conducted at University of Mohaghegh Ardebili in 2015. Experimental treatments included was two species of basil (Purple basil and Red basil), different salts (Manitol, NaCl+K2SO4, K2SO4 and NaCl) and different potentials (0, -3, -6 and -9). Model output result showed, germination rate in drought stress coundition on Red basil (θH= 37.32) highest than Purple Basil (θH= 37.32) and uniformity of germination in purple basil (σψb=3.37) less than Red basil (σψb=1.44). Also Red basil higher tolerance drought compared with Purple basil. Threshold tolerance to salinity in germination stage showed, in Purple Basil at NaCl, K2SO4 and NaCl+K2SO4 had threshold tolerance -0.59, -0.13 and -0.87 bar and in Red Basil equle -0.31, -0.25 and -2.88 . Salinity and drought stress were causing reduced in the seedling growth and seed vigor index. The most (0.92) and least (0.78) on the use of the reserves in the case of purple basil of NaCl and NaCl + K2SO4, respectively, was observed at the same time. This is while that, the highest use of the reserves on the red basil K2SO4 salt and least amount was obtained application of NaCl. The highest vigor weight index of purple basil was observed of zero osmotic potential. The least weight index purple basil was obtained of the potential -9 bar Mannitol.

In this study, the effects of biological fertilizers Biofarm and Probio96 on quality and yield of wheat were evaluated. The pilot was considered a farm about 5,000 square meters at Khenejin city (Markazi province). A completely randomized block were considered as experimental design. The treatments included in Biofarm, Probio 96 and control. in this study quantitative and qualitative parameters were examined. The results showed that Probio96 with 366.8 plants per square meter resulted in the highest number of germination. The highest plant height was related to treatment Probio 96 to 47.33 cm. About tillering, Biofarm with an average of 3.14 tillers per plant were in first place. Seed treatment by Biofarm and Probio96 improved thousand seed weight to 41.1 and 39.8 gram respectively. This is despite the fact that control resulted in 37.2 g. The results showed that wheat yield in different treatments has significant difference compared to the control. The application of both biological fertilizer increased yield compared to control. Seed treatment with Probio96 and Biofarm increased wheat yield about 44 and 64 percent respectively. The results showed that Probio96 , Biofarm and control resulted in 1900.9, 1661.7 and 1152.8 kg per hectare yield, respectively. Qualitative analysis of wheat production under three different treatments showed that the treatments had no significant effect on wheat grain quality characteristics.

Poor seedling establishment and total plant biomass reduction in contaminated soils, decrease the efficiency of phytoremediation techniques. In this study, the effects of different types of seed pretreatments (such as salicylic acid, and potassium nitrate) and three concentrations of lead (0, 200, 400 and 600 mg lead/kg soil) on sunflower seedling growth under greenhouse conditions were evaluated. These factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications in research greenhouse of Shahrekord University, in 2015. In general, the studied traits significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of lead. In most toxic concentrations of lead, Potassium nitrate and salicylic acid prevented the decreasing of dry weight of root compared to control up to 42%. Potassium nitrate prevented the decreasing of dry weight of leaf and chlorophyll a (with 24% and 60%, respectively), Salicylic acid prevented the decreasing of chlorophyll b (55%) compared to control. Shoot dry weight didn’t affect by seed priming treatments. Increasing in concentrations of lead elevated carotenoids, proline content and electrolyte leakage. Salicylic acid treatment reduced of electrolyte leakage (by 21%). Potassium nitrate prevents the increasing of carotenoids (by 24%), however increased proline content from 104 to 111 µm/g. Generally it could be concluded that salicylic acid and potassium nitrate increase seedling tolerance to lead toxicity through reducing carotenoids content, electrolyte leakage and increasing proline content. This technique can be used to increase the efficiency of phytoremediation of soils contaminated with lead.

Environmental stress, especially drought stress, can play an important role in the reduction of the plant growth stage, specifically during germination. To explore the germination mechanism of drought-stressed germination indices of sugar beet improved by exogenous proline, an experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete design with four replications in laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord in 2016. In this experiment, treatments included five levels of drought treatments (distilled water,-2,-6,-10 and-14 bar) and seed soaking with Proline (0 (control), 5 and 10 mM. Results indicated that germination percent, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination and seed length and weight vigor index of sugar beet seeds significantly decreased under drought stress, while increased mean germination time and allometry coefficient. Soaking with exogenous proline improved the germination percent, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination and seed length and weight vigor index of sugar beet under drought stress. Moreover, application of 10 mM proline decreased mean germination time and allometry coefficient 10 and 25% as compared to the control, respectively. In a word, soaking with proline could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of drought stress on sugar beet seed germination.

Germination and seedling production have an important role in crop production. This stage is influenced by quality of the seed strongly. Seed priming with gibberellic (GA3 100 ppm) acid and brassinosteroid (BR 100 ppm) on deteriorated wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) seeds were studied. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in 2016. Treatments were seed aging (non-aged and accelerated aged) and seed pretreatment with GA3 and BR. No priming and hydro priming also were used as controls. Analysis of variance showed that the interaction of accelerated aging and priming was significant for germination percentage, plumule length, R/P L, germination rate, MDG, and GI; and for radicle length, DGS and CVG at 5% level. However, on the seedling length and mean germination time was not significant. The results showed that accelerated aging significantly reduced the soluble protein in seedlings and in turn caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, and proline content. The results showed that, the germination characteristics were improved under GA3 treatment.

Dodartia orientalis is an invasive and perennial weed of the Scrophulariaceae family. Comprehensive research in association with the biology and some environmental factors on sexual reproduction of this weed has not done yet. in order to study of some factors affecting on seed germination of this weed, an experiment took place in Weed Research Department of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection that included effect of temperature, light, scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid, gibberelin, and salt stress (NaCl) on seed germination. Dodartia seed viability was 62.5%. Optimum constant temperature for seed germination was 22◦C, and optimum alternate temperature was 25/15◦C. Alternating temperatures compared to constant temperatures was more appropriate for seed germination of Dodartia. The seed did not need to light for germination. Chemical stimulation of seed with concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) for 2 min was the best stimulus for breaking dormancy of this weed. Gibberelin was not able to stimulate Dodartia seed germination. The seeds germinated at the concentrations of NaCl lower than 200 Mm.

In this research, biological characteristics of Balangu seed in response to temperature were evaluated. Germination responses and cardinal temperatures were evaluated using dent-like, segmented, beta and quadratic regression models and regression coefficients (a and b), correlation of determinant (R2), correlation coefficient (r), and significant level functions of predicted values versus observed ones were used to find the appropriate models. The results showed that the germination of Balangu is possible at a range of 5 to 25 °C. The highest germination percentage was detected at 20°C (98.5%). Moreover, at 20°C temperature the highest seedling growth and less time to shoot emergence (60.03 mm and 58 h respectively) was detected. Segmented model was superior compared to other models, therefore, this model is recommended for quantifying biological parameters and seedling emergence of Balangu. Temperatures of 1°C, 22.6°C and 30°C were the cardinal temperatures for seed germination (minimum, optimum and maximum, respectively). According to the results of this research, Balangu is the psychrophile plants and appropriate temperature germination is 20°C to 22.6°C. In this research, a proposed equation entitled of "Germination Value (GV)" for the simultaneous evaluation of seed germination and seedling growth per unit of time was introduced.

To understanding of effect of canopy gap disturbance on quantity and quality of seed germination of forest trees, seeds of two economic trees in Hyrcanian forest including Fagus orientalis and Carpinus betulus were collected from some canopy gaps with different sizes and their germination parameters were studied. In this regard, 48 canopy gaps were identified from a mixed Fagetum stand at Hajikola-Tirankli forestry plan from Tajan River watershed. In the following, the canopy gaps were classified to three difference size classes such as smaller than 150 (small), 150-350 (moderate) and 350-500 m2 (large) and the seeds of the Beech and Hornbeam were collected from inside and outside of the canopy gaps and seed germination test were done on the collected seeds. Seed germinant percent, germination speed and mean seed germination time were calculated and then statistically analyzed. Comparison of the collected data showed that there is no considerable difference between natural and artificial canopy gaps in aspect of seed germination parameters while for both species, collected seeds from moderate and large canopy gaps had higher seed germination and sometimes germination speed. It seems that optimal environmental condition such as moisture, temperature and light is better provided in canopy gaps bigger 150 m2 for seed germination of both species. Same research would be suggested on the other tree species.

This research was done during 2015-2016 as split-plot experiment as RCD with 3 replication in laboratory of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Zanjan. Sowing date of mother plant as main-plot in 3 levels contained: D1: 7 Oct 2011, 2012 D2: 22 Oct 2011, 2012 D3: 6 Nov 2011, 2012 and 10 cultivars of mother plant included: Opera, Karaj3, KR4, GAo96 × Zarfam (1)(2), Okapi × GAo96 (2)(5), Orient × Modena (2)(4), Orient × Modena (5)(4), Okapi × GAo96 (2)(2), Okapi × GAo96 (5)(2) and GAo96 × Zarfam (5)(1) as sub-plots were considered that conducted in a two year experiments as split-plot as base of RCBD. The studied traits included: germination percent, time required for germination, germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight. The result of variance analysis showed that sowing date and cultivar simple effect were significant on mentioned traits. Sowing date and cultivar interaction also was significant effect on mention characteristics. The mean comparison of sowing date and cultivar interaction on germination percent demonstrated that Opera, Okapi x GA096 (5)(2) and GA096 x Zarfam (5)(1) each with mean of 100% had the most germination percent in all sowing date. Generally, results revealed that delaying in sowing date resulted to decreased germination percent. Result showed that cultivars and lines that had the highest germination percent also had the longest root and shoot length.

In this study of Nigella sativa seeds Cryopreservation by vitrification. was studied. This experiment with three replications with two factors, both soluble dewatering (Pvs2 and Pvs3) times and dewatering of seeds before freezing process during the 7 period (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 minutes) with factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD) was analyzed. Results showed that treatment time for root length, shoot length was significant at the level of 1%, but the percentage of germination (percent survival) was non-significant. The solution for all traits (germination, root and shoot length) at 1 percent difference was significant. The interaction between the treatment solution for the length of root and shoot length at 1 percent and germination percentage was significant at the 5% level. Overall, analysis of variance of the solution and dewatering time in the process of vitrification and freeze protection Nigella sativa is effective in assessment indicators. Overall, Analysis of variance showed that the soluble kind and the dewatering process and vitrification Cryopreservation of Nigella sativa on effective evaluation indicators. Also, seed treatment with solution PVS3 and during intervals 20 and 40 minutes, was the highest amount of root length, shoot length and germination. The results of this study can be used in medicinal plant germplasm conservation and the importance of effective treatment.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) seed coating with micronutrients on the germination, plant establishment and seedling growth characteristics was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2015 at the sugar beet seed Institute under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Hybrids (Shkofa-Pars) and seed coating with various combinations of micronutrients, which contains 14 treatments and a control (no cover-up) were the experimental factors. The results showed that percentage, rate, emergency and seedling growth characteristics significantly affected by the hybrid and also the treatment of the Seed coating. The results showed that the hybrid of PARS in terms of germination and emergence and early seedling growth was better than hybrid of SHKOFA. Germination percentage in control was equivalent to 91.16 percent and percentage of germination except for treatment coated with boron, was greater than control, was greater. Seed coating treatment with Zn+ Mn+ B (0.456 Zn +1.502 Mn + 2.189 B g kg-1 seed) with 97% germination had the highest percentage of germination. Among the different treatments of seed coating, seed treatments with Zn 0.912 and 1.367 g per kg of seed and seed treatment with Mn 4.507 per kg of seed than other treatments had the highest amount of root dry weight. Root dry weight in the seed coating with B 4.379 and 6.568 g per kg of seed, compared to control treatments was reduced by 11.15 and 18.76 percent respectively

This research was performed to investigate, identify and naming the weeds of mashhad area, also studying and introducing the seeds of this plant with attention to their morphological characteristics. The onset of this study was started by collecting 205 weed species and mounted on herbarium sheets. In the next phase and at the time of fully maturity of seeds, seed of each species collected and after purification of seeds, pure seeds obtained and were poured in glass vials. In attention to Absence of the prefabricated equipments for protection and displaying seeds we designed and built a case for this purpose. In final stage, considering the importance of seed images in seeds identification and studying the morphological characteristics of seeds, we prepared a set of high quality images from collected seeds. Results of this study could use as a reference for seed identification of weeds in this area and as a source for studying the morphological features of these seeds.

Due to high expenses of imported lawn seeds and low adaptability of them to climatic conditions of Iran, paying attention to native ecotypes of turf grasses is important. One of the reasons for paying less attention to the seeds of native turf grasses is their lack of rapid and uniform germination rate especially under drought stress conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed priming using salicylic acid (1/0, 5/0, 1 and 5/1 mM), sodium chloride (15, 30 and 45ds /m) and distilled water compared to the control treatment on tall fescue native to GazBorkhar (Isfahan province) under mild, moderate and severe drought stress conditions. For this purpose, seed emergence, mean emergence time, shoot height, plant biomass, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content were measured. The results showed seed priming using salicylic acid 0.5 mM significantly increased the seed emergence rate (96.10%) in moderate stress conditions and reduced the time to emerge (3.70 day) in mild stress conditions. Although the plants treated with 0.5 mM salicylic acid did not show significant differences with the control treatment in other characteristics, considering the significance of the amounts and rates of seed emergence in native turf grasses, this prime treatment can be recommended to improve emergence percentage of the seeds of Festuca arundinacea ecotype Gazborkhar.