نشریه سیاست دفاعی
پیاپی 107 (تابستان 1398)

Every challenge and issue comes with a solution that can be met with in depth; when it comes to the surface, it is necessary to use negotiation tools to resolve it to suit different situations. Power to use negotiation typologies. Accordingly, the philosophy of negotiation is a form of negotiation and bargaining to resolve these issues and challenges and sometimes the quality of the issues in such a way that it is possible to negotiate according to national values or principles or national interests as fixed transnational principles. This is the case in negotiations with the American regime unless it changes its principle that it violates the principle of balance and equality. On the other hand, in view of the shortcomings in the approaches to negotiation, in this descriptive-analytical study with critical attitudes, the findings of the research- following the main research question- showed a pattern of observatory negotiation. Under the guise of politeness and quality the following is consciousness, cognition, and chess as a professional chess game that measures the next few moves of the competitor and can change the logic of negotiation and bargaining power in favor of values and principles; A Look at Matching Historical Examples of Negotiations with Approaches and Analyzing the Latest Important Contemporary Negotiations- JCPA- Attempted to End Qadi will analyze the negotiation examples.

Abstract At the first sight, Russia and Israel have always enjoyed relations in different fields, based on international and regional circumstances. With the beginning of crisis and the civil war in the Syria and Russia military intervention, relations between two countries entered a new phase that has been along with very sensitivity for both sides. Syrian war has been the place of competition between different groups and countries that either pursuing their own interests. This essay seeks to survey Russia and Israel relations in the Syrian crisis. According that, the main question this essay is, what have effected Syrian developments on Russia and Israel relations? To answer this question, we have to test follow hypothesis: Israel’s security considerations base on security dilemma concept have strengthened Russia- Israel relations. Research method in this essay is analytical- descriptive, the tool data gathering is library method. Key words: Russia, Israel, Syrian war, security dilemma.

The research aim is to present defensive strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran with emphasis on the role of geopolitical factors in order to enhance security and permanent extension of the borderline zones of the north eastern of the country. This research is an applicable – developmental research which is accomplished by descriptive – analytical research method with a quantitative approach. To reach the research objective, through a questionnaire and applying whole-counting sampling method, the opinions of 60 military and governmental elites and geopolitical experts, especially geopolitics and defensive strategy in the level of army forces and the zone of north eastern of the country were utilized. Ultimately, 45 geopolitical factors affecting defensive strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran in the borderline zones of the north eastern of the country were identified and then were categorized into the quadruplet factors of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (8 strength, 11 weakness, 9 opportunity and 17 threat factors). Then, using IFE and EFE matrices, strategic situation of the country in the borderline zones of the north eastern of the country in defensive situation was identified. After determining the strategic situation and analyzing the gap between the current situation and the utopia, 7 defensive strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran with emphasis on the role of geopolitical factors using ascending indices (strengths and opportunities) for resolving weaknesses and responding to the threats were stipulated.

Defense diplomacy constitutes part of the state’s policies that plays a part in achieving the armed forces’ goals as an important means, that is aimed at providing optimal political, national, and international conditions to preserve and expand the country’s vital national values in the face of potential and actual enemies. One of the characteristics of defense diplomacy under the present circumstances is the fact that it is considered as a means of giving identity and legitimacy in countries' defence and strategic policies. After the victory of the Revolution in 1978, the Islamic Republic of Iran underwent a series of tensions with the international system, after which problems like military sanctions, war with Iraq and ... broke out. However, the Islamic Republic of Iran tried to resolve such problems by a few special defense diplomacy tactics in differing times. The main question in the present research is: Where does missile technology stand and function in IRI’s defense diplomacy, considering the ongoing military sanctions and threats in the region? Defense diplomacy serves as an influential means in advancing IRI’s objectives and policies as part of the process of building trust, easing tensions, building security, and generating power that has turned to indigenization and deterrence approach on the basis of missile technology as well as asymmetric warfare only to meet the regional threats and remove them. This article is of analytical-descriptive type and the contents in it have been collected with library method relying on the news and reports that have been gathered from news sites."

There are many factors that contribute to the emergence and continuation of the crisis in Libya, which can be explained and analyzed within two categories: namely internal and external factors. Nevertheless, the origin of threat in the Third world countries can be said to be more internal than external. Even the pro-revolution developments in Libya after 2011 originate more from internal problems and the gaps thus created than any other problem, something that has caused crisis and the lack of legitimacy in this country to continue. Considering what was said earlier, this writing seeks to answer these questions: What factors have caused the security crisis to transpire? Why has this crisis continued after seven years? And what will be the consequences of this continuing crisis for Libya, the region and the world. The temporary answer as a research hypothesis is raised as follows: the most important factor that causes the security crisis to continue in Libya is oil and fighting to guarantee domination over oil resources from economic point of view, domination of tribalism over Libya’s political-social structure from social-religious point of view, the conflict between Islamists and liberals, and the formation of national sovereignty according to the statistics of World Bank. As such, it follows that the government established after Gaddafi is as much facing challenges like harsh tribal conflicts, the crisis of authority and insecurity that stems from radical Islamist and tribal actors, all of which have increased social and political disorders. On top of these, foreign interventions have managed to sustain the crisis.

The war imposed by Iraq against Iran can be considered to be a response on the part of the great powers in the structure of the bipolar system against Islamic Revolution of Iran, which was finally terminated after eight years following the adoption and implementation of Resolution 598. An overview of the procedure during which Resolution 598 was implemented, as well as the comparison made between the way in which a few paragraphs like the first section of the first paragraph and the second paragraph of the Resolution have been implemented, and the way the sixth and seventh paragraphs have been implemented indicate that this Resolution has been implemented in an uneven manner. So, with regard to the unique role of the international system structure in adopting Resolution 598, this question is raised: What role did the international system structure have in implementing Resolution 598? The findings of the research indicate that considering the great powers’ policy in terminating the war without a winner, only the first section of the first and second paragraphs of Resolution 598 that merely addressed the ending of hostilities, was implemented decisively. But, the next paragraphs that dealt with Iran’s interests, and a few paragraphs like the sixth and seventh paragraphs were implemented in an ineffective manner, and a few others like the eighth paragraph were not effectively taken into account. So, in addition to reviewing the theory of ‘Structural Neorealism’, this writing, which falls into analytical-descriptive studies, firstly examines the great powers’ policy towards Iran-Iraq war, as well as the factors that had an impact on the adoption of Resolution 598, and then, analyzes how the Resolution was implemented and how the international system structure contributed to this procedure.