نشریه زیست شناسی کاربردی
سال سی و دوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398)

Mastitis syndrome is the inflammation of the mammary gland and one of the most common diseases in the livestock industry that is very important clinically and economically. In this study, 40 cow's milk were sampled at dairy cow farms in the Isfahan city.The samples were transferred to the laboratory at 4° Cimmediately. In order to identify bacterial species, samples were isolated using Brain Hart Infusion agar medium. Then the macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical characterizations were evaluated. Finally, the polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the exact Spp.of isolates. This research showed the contamination of the 30 samples out of 40 to the Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae and Kocuria marina was observed. The highest and lowest infections were related to Klebsiella oxytoca and Kocuria marina with the frequency of 56.6% and 20% respectively. Due to the large number of infected samples, mastitis remains one of the most expensive and destructive diseases in livestock industry and humans.

Pelophylax ridibundus is the only species of Pelophylax, distributed in almost all parts of Iran. The present study was carried out in 3 wetland stations of Aleshtar ( Lorestan province) with the aim of studying morphology, morphometric , characteristics of reproductive, karyology and histology of skin, 160 samples were studied. A total of 3 morph were identified. In the analysis of traits, the two sexes did not differ significantly in terms of weight and thigh diameter, while they differed in total length traits. The highest reproductive index was measured in both sexes in spring. In addition the maximal weight for males was 64.12 gr and for females it was 92.9 gr. The chromosomal number of the species was 2n= 26 in the studied regions, in addition to the sex heteromorphy chromosomes. The structure of the skin at all stations was similar and consisted of two layers of epidermis and dermal, in the dermal sponge layer in both sexes, the mucus and granular glands were observed, and the abdominal skin was distinguished by the thinning of collagen fibers from the dorsal skin.

This study does on 300 fish and 10 treatments with 3 replications. Foods consists of 35, 40, 45 ppt (Astaxanthin), 33, 44, 55 ppt (red pepper) and), 33, 44, 55 ppt (orange pepper), respectively. During the period, the fish were biometried, the fish were bled and their meat was evaluated. 45 ppt astaxanthin treatment had the most change in the color of the meat. Based on the results obtained, the most final weight of body (365.6 ± 6.57), %BWI (83.07 ± 2.45), obesity rates (0.56 ± 0.04), GR (2.77 ± 0.08), SGR (1.01 ± 0.02) and survival rate (99.89 ) belonged to 55 ppt red pepper treatment (P<0.05). The lowest and the most amount of FCR belonged to 55 ppt red pepper treatment (2.76 ± 0.09) and control group and the differences were significant (P<0.05). The most number of red blood cells (1988333.3 ± 7637.6), number of white blood cells (17500 ± 500), hemoglobin (25.83 ± 0.45), hematocrit (85.47 , neutrophil (75.5 ) and lymphocyte (201.7 ) belonged to 45 ppt astaxanthin treatment and had significantly different with control group (P<0.05). The results of immunology factors showed that there are the most amount of lysozyme (170 ) and total immunoglobulin (154.67 ± 0.58) in 55 ppt orange pepper treatment and the most amount of IgM (76.87 ± 0.81) in 55 ppt red pepper treatment and had significantly different with control group (P<0.05). Therefore it can be concluded that plant sources increased growth and resistance of the immune system in fish.

In the current study, the effect of usage of caraway powder and its essential oils at the dose of 0.2% (w/w) were studied on colon cancer prevention induced by dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) through the estimation of biochemical parameters including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LP) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as well as histopathological changes. The results showed that the levels of GSH and FRAP were increased and SOD activity was decreased by DMH. Even though caraway powder and its essential oils failed to alter the tested biochemical parameters, histopathological analysis indicated improved effects in carcinogenesis. Therefore, the results demonstrated that the chemopreventive effects of the treatments were due to the other metabolic pathways than oxidative stress/antioxidant systems.

Basically, reduction in crop yield is due to the competition and allelopathy of weeds. This study was aimed at assessing some secondary metabolites content and evaluates the allelopathic potential of various organs of Fumaria parviflora on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of Avena ludoviciana seedling. Aqueous solution of organs was prepared using 5g plant material/ 100ml D.W and applying it on 7- day old seedlings of Avena ludoviciana. The quantification assay of alkaloids and total phenols in various organs of Fumaria parviflora indicated that leaf and flower organs had the highest content of these compounds, compared to root and stem. According to the results, the allelopathic compounds of various organs of Fumaria parviflora had a different inhibitory effect on root length, seedling length, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf area, and the content of total chlorophyll, carotenoids and proteins of Avena ludoviciana. The most negative effect on the traits of Avena ludoviciana was obtained in the leaf organ of Fumaria parviflora. In addition, the content of prolin and enzymes activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were increased under aqueous extract of v organs of Fumaria parviflora over the control.

Chilling stress is major limiting factor on growth and development of tropical crops like cucumber in early of growing season. In this research, the possibility of chilling hardening of cucumber seedlings was investigated through pretreatment of drought and temperature. The factorial experiment was consisted of two factors including cucumber cultivars (i.e. Super dominos and Super star) and hardening treatments (control, 10 °C, and 15 °C as well as 10% and 20% PEG) based on CRD in three replications in 2017. After applying treatments and providing them 48 h opportunity to be recovered, the seedlings were subjected to 3 °C for a six days period and 6 h for each day. The results showed that hardening increased cucumber growth under chilling stress. Hardening treatments improved seedlings’ chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, relative water content, proline accumulation, and hydrogen peroxide while reducing electrolyte leakage content. It was not observed a significant difference between cultivars in terms of measured traits. The highest chilling tolerance was obtained by 10 and 20% PEG. Overall, the results of this experiment showed that employing drought and temperature pretreatments are able to mitigate the harmful effects of chilling on cucumber seedlings.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is amember of Iridaceae family, that especially its stigma and corm are important in medicine and food. Today, silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial and fungal properties are used in many fields and also effects on ethylene receptors in plants. In Iran, due to increase saline soils, study on reducing the effects of salinity stress by using nanosilver in plants can be a good perspective to control the effects of salinity stress on plants. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out using four treatments: nano silver (40 ppm), salinity (100 mM NaCl), nano silver (40 ppm) whit salinity (100 mM NaCl), control without any treatment and primary corm, with two irrigations and soaking methods were used. The amount of phosphorous, sodium and potassium ions of treated corms were investigated. Results showed that phosphorous ion in compared with control and primary corm increased in all stresses, which was significant at level (P≤0.05).The concentration of sodium in irrigations methods and potassium in soaking methods increased in salt stress (0.77 mg / gDW)(9.9 mg / gDW), but using salinity stress with nano silver (0.67 mg / gDW)(7.61 mg / gDW) showed a significant decrease in the levels of two mentioned ions (P≤0.05) compared with control(0.73 mg / gDW)(8.08 mg / gDW). In this study, the use of nanosilver particles with salt stress showed that the effects of salinity have been influenced and increased phosphorous ion and modified amount of sodium and potassium.

Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and Horsemint (Mentha longifolia L.) have abundant use in food expenses and Iranian Traditional Medicine. Tha aerial parts of both plants were collected and essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation method (Clevenger). The extraction was conducted by maceration method (aqueous, hydroalcoholic and ethanolic solvents) and soxhlet method (ethanolic solvent). Total phenolic compounds content, Total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity and free radical inhibition were measured. The results showed that total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity and percentage of free radical inhibition in applied extraction methods was different (P<0.05). The highest total phenolic compounds and flavonoid was obtained by soxhlet method in spearmint. The highest total antioxidant capacity were belong to hydroalcoholic extract in spearmint. Soxhlet extraction method is recommended because of its low processing cost, simplicity of operation, consume lesser time and solvent compared to other traditional methods such as soaking or percolation to extract phenolic compounds using other solvents. The use of a two-solvent system in the soaking process with other solvents requires further research to achieve high antioxidant properties.

The concentration of antibiotics in the soil increases with the addition of fresh or composed chicken manure containing antibiotics and may affect the microbial community of the soil. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding enrofloxacin containing chicken manure to soil on the population of Azotobacter spp, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens, as well as microbial biomass and respiration of soil. An experiment was conducted in a laboratory for 45 days with 7 treatments and three replications including fresh and composted chicken manure containing enrofloxacin in two levels of high (26.2 mg kg-1) and low (4.23 mg kg-1) concentrations and manure without any antibiotic based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that the application of chicken manure containing enrofloxacin reduced the population of Azotobacter spp (28 percent), Pseudomonas fluorescens (73 percent) and Pseudomonas putida (14.6 percent) in the soils. However, the composting of chicken manure, although reducing its negative effect, still led to a decline in population. Application of fresh chicken manure led to a 127 percent increase in microbial respiration of the soil compared to control but between other treatments there was no meaningful difference. The use of chicken manure without antibiotic significantly increased the microbial biomass (95 percent). The presence of high concentration of enrofloxacin in poultry manure had a negative effect on the microbial biomass increase, especially at the beginning of the period.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a qualitative analysis of Zayandeh-rood River water using benthic invertebrate communities in fall 2017 to Spring 2018. To do so, we select 6 stations and 3 sediment samples were collected in each stations. Sediment samples were fixated and various animals were extracted from the samples and were grouped and identified according to fauna benthic identification keys were used for the identification of the sample. Finally, in spring 8 family belongs to 6 order; in autumn 11 family belongs to 7 order and in winter 6 family belongs to 4 order were identified. According to all indices, all stations and all seasons were in polluted category. Regarding the Zayandeh-rood drought, during the last decade, the flow of water in the river, especially the refinery stations and the Shakh-kenar and Sharif Abad, is practically the industrial wastewater, sewage of the cities and adjacent villages. For this reason, contaminated species in these ecosystems are species resistant to pollution.