فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 108، تابستان 1399)

Collective mobility focuses on sharing trips, transport modes, and infrastructures. This can reduce the number of vehicles on roads. Thus, it is important to evaluate and measure transport subsystems. One of the most important of transport subsystems is urban transport as a key element of human and commodity transportation, playing an essential role in the viability of all communities, and as a justified choice to avoid unintended urban problems such as road and traffic congestion as well as air pollution. Therefore, urban transport organization is one of the necessities of urban planning. However, But, transport itself is not such a challenge, but rather, it is a gift. However, it will become a problem when its effects will cause dissatisfaction with the transport network and thereby reduce the quality of urban services. Political-managerial, environmental, physical, and socio-cultural barriers are involved in transportation challenges, most visible of which are physical barriers. These barriers vary in different Iranian cities according to their natural and human geography, but in Ahvaz City, they are effective on preventing Land use barriers to transportation apart from human, environmental, and climate issues. Also, according to Ahvaz Metropolis Second Five Year Development Plan in the field of transportation and traffic, one of the most important strategies of Ahvaz transportation and traffic development is to identify the barriers to transportation development in different dimensions, one of which is the physical barriers to transportation, doubling the significance of doing research in the field. Therefore, these barriers need to be identified and categorized in each public transport infrastructure and land use. The present study aims to investigate the physical barriers of inter-urban public transport in six dimensions of stations, urban arteries, urban terminals, urban public parking lots, fuel stations, and public transport urban fleet in the eight urban districts of Ahvaz and seeks to answer the following question. What are the most important physical barriers to urban transport development of Ahvaz Metropolis? To this end, the study makes attempts to examine and analyze these barriers and identify the significance of each one in order to prioritize them in terms of effectiveness and weight in Ahvaz transportation planning, and then, zone each of these barriers in Ahvaz.

The present study is applied-theoretical in terms of objectives; also descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of research methods. The research data was collected through documentary, library, survey, and interviewing with people and urban planning experts. The research population consisted of citizens of eight districts of Ahvaz Metropolis districts. The questionnaires were distributed among 130 participants selected via stratified sampling technique according to the weight ratio of each district. To rank the land use barriers in each of the different transport infrastructures, the ARAS decision making method was employed. To map. Moreover, the kriging interpolation method was employed for zoning these barriers in Ahvaz with ARC GIS10.3 software. After interpolating all the obstacles using the Reclassify tool, which is a subset of Spatial Analyst Tools in the Arc Toolbox., the maps were drawn into a five-point spectrum (very low, low, medium, high and very high) and finally overlaid using the Weighted Sum function.

In sum, this study identified 36 key barriers to each of Ahvaz public transport land use for analyzing the land use barriers to public transport development in Ahvaz. These barriers were for belonged to public transport stations (9 factors), urban arteries (9 factors), urban terminals (9 factors) and public parking lots (9 factors). This classification is such that it encompasses the different public transport modes in Ahvaz, such as those used to measure the public transport stations of the bus and taxi stations. In measuring urban arteries, physical barriers to Ahwaz's various public transport modes such as walking as well as bus and taxi driving were considered. In assessing the barriers related to urban terminals in Ahvaz, eight existing terminals were evaluated. Due to the lack of accurate statistics on types of urban public parking lots such as mechanized and non-mechanized parking, flat or floored,  marginal, etc., public parking lots, barriers to urban parking lots are generally evaluated as being inadequate access, organizational carving, weakness of the heating and cooling system, avoidance of health centers, lack of fleet and incompatibility which are the major barriers to stations, urban arteries, terminals, parking lots, urban transport fleets and fuel stations, respectively. In addition, zoning these barriers also depicts that most of Ahvaz’s zones in terms of stations, urban arteries, urban terminals, parking lots, transport fleets and fuel stations were in the range of relatively inappropriate, relatively inappropriate, relatively inappropriate, relatively inappropriate, very inappropriate, and moderately appropriate levels, respectively.

The present study employed barriers covering each of the six physical dimensions. We then need to rank these barriers to identify the most effective barriers to each of the six dimensions of physical barriers (stations, urban terminals, urban arteries, public parking lots, fuel stations, and transport fleets). The significance of this ranking is that the underlying organizations are not capable of removing all of them at a given time, and removing these berries barriers over certain courses of time is important. To this end, we performed each of the barriers to the six dimensions separately. Until these criteria are met, the extent of the barriers to each of the physical dimensions will be identified; and public transport development planning was will be facilitated. Eliminating existing barriers is among public transport development strategies. The research findings can be generalized and employed by the Municipal Transport and Traffic Departments, the Urban Housing Agency, the Reconstruction and Renovation Organization, and other related agencies. Collecting and extracting multiple barriers to public transport in each of the applications and categorizing them as a package that informs the related organizations of the status quo are among one of the significances of the research findings which depict that the geographical distribution of these barriers in the study area is known.

In the mid-20th century, the rapid growth of urban population followed by high construction density have ever increasingly attracted the urban planners and designers toward considering the subject matter of urban vegetation. This has been seen as a tool to not only control adverse environmental phenomena, but also to enhance the psycho-environmental qualities for the citizens by providing the urban landscapes, with adequate levels of greenness at the same time. In this respect, numerous methods and techniques have been developed to assess and estimate the quantity and function of green spaces. During the past decades, urban scientists have tried to formulate different green indices in different situations to understand the impact of vegetation on the functions of the urban landscapes, with each index following a particular objective and methodology. The present paper is aimed at introducing different green indices and their development paths and assessment methods. Moreover, the pros and cons of each index in terms of its effect on the urban landscape are is further discussed. Finally, it is concluded that three-dimensional objective methods are superior to mental methods as well as two-dimensional objective methods.

Once finished with assessing the green indices based on ground surveys, such as the “green coverage ratio”, development of remote sensing technology could smooth the way toward assessing numerous green indices via different approaches by the researchers. The “Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)” was used as a binary indicator of green and non-green areas (in terms of vegetation) by combining the near-infrared and visible light bands; providing a reference index for the assessment of other indices. Assessment of other indices, such as the “Green Index”, “Proximity to Green Space Index”, and “Urban Neighborhood Green Index”, became possible by taking a 2D view with the help of NDVI and image processing of satellite images via object-based, rather than pixel-based methods; this change of procedure led to more accurate evaluation of the studied scenes. However, particular indices such as “Green View Index” and “Google Street View”, that were intended to sense urban visual greenness recognized the previous indices as not being consistent with the citizens’ views on the ground, and hence, used images taken by visible light-sensing digital cameras combined with special software (e.g. Adobe Photoshop) to measure the greenness level. Next, considering the inevitable vertical growth of the cities, some researchers started to formulate indices for measuring the visible greenness from the floors of high-rise urban buildings. For instance, the “Floor Green View Index” makes use of the remote sensing technology and multi-spectra images as well as digital 3D models of the surface and buildings to obtain the topography and 3D morphology of the study area, which respectively leads in determining the viewpoint of each floor. The “Building Visual Green Index” uses the remote sensing technology, multispectral images, and an analytic model of the viewshed,  the blind zone in the ArcGIS, and eCognition software, to evaluate the visible green space from each floor compared to that of other floors. Finally, all of the above-mentioned indices were evaluated in an objective approach, some with 2D view provided by the satellite images, while the others were based on the 3D view of the citizens.

Although the use of NDVI compare to the ground surveys for the assessment of vegetation greenness has led major change in the accuracy of measurement, but its inherent 2D view to the greenness and ignorance of the distribution of green spaces across urban areas of different heights and construction densities made the index serve as no more than a reference for assessing other indices in the urban landscape studies. This situation further ended up incorporating the green indices focused on the assessment of visible greenness to the citizens into computer-assisted software tools (e.g. ArcGIS) and image processing algorithms. It can be stipulated that, combination of the high-resolution satellite images with software tools and digital models provides the urban researchers with brilliant opportunities for the assessment of green indices.

The most important and fundamental factor contributing to the revolution of green index assessment during the studied period has been the replacement of ground surveys by the remote sensing technology and high-resolution images, imposing significant influences on the accuracy of the obtained green indices. Respecting the importance of the accuracy of the green indices, the objective methods with 3D views seem to present larger potentials thanks to the absence of common problems in the subjective methods (observer’s judgment effect and possible perception issues); while assessing the greenness based on the citizens’ views rather than a solely 2D aerial view from the top, could producing produce closer estimations to the actual greenness. In the meantime, the accuracy and precision of various 3D objective methods depend on the researcher’s viewpoint, and the success of such methods in achieving their set targets is affected by particular limitations. Accordingly, complementary studies are required to address the existing limitations, and hence, achieve even more accurate greenness indices that can be assessed for various applications, including urban planning, urban design, landscape design, etc.

In the past decade, planning at different levels, especially at the regional development, has experienced different ideas of organization of product activity. Industrial cluster concept on cooperation among manufacturing firms are proximity to one another. The trace of this concept can be found in the theories of industrial planning. It is what distinguishes the concepts, the impact of industrial clusters on various sectors of the economy, named economic planning; and to interact on regional spatial development, named spatial planning.

 Little attention has been paid by interdisciplinary scientists to this view of the industrial cluster; and researchers have been associated with regional development. This thesis is aimed to determine the role of industrial clusters in regional spatial development and the role of spatial development in optimizing the production of industrial cluster. Also,  the attempt is to interact between physical, social, economic factors and spatial development of regional industrial cluster. In general, industrial clusters within its definition set priorities on two concepts: 1. The geographical concentration of companies and institutions; and 2. Cooperation of product activities. So, companies, to achieve concepts, benefit values through activities of the production process. Michael Porter named it as value chain. These activities can generally be divided in two categories. The first category is called a primary activities, such as operations, marketing and sales, inbound/outbound logistic and services; and the second category is named support activities, such as procurement, technology development, human resource management, firm infrastructure

Thus, the principal foundation of industrial clusters, resulting results in the value chain of operations in the value chain as primary activity and interacts to procurement, technology development, human resource management, firm infrastructure as support activities.  Need to emphasize supply elements in mechanisms of growth changed regional growth models, and intra-regional flows of the resources (of capital and labor) are elements of the model. These models were developed in two main directions: 1. Focused on endogenous growth elements; 2. In addition to the resources of production (capital and labor), it seeks to engage the other factors of production, such as infrastructure and accessibility.

Thus, in the context of spatial development of the region, the five processes that are named competitive, spatial, social, interactive and endogenous processes production as space on the production of industrial clusters at region interact to in value chain. In strategic planning, SWOT is applied in regional spatial planning that use on industrial clusters by three stages: 1. To decide the system of spatial planning and its environment; 2. To develop a systematic framework for analysis; and 3. Proposal of possible strategic options. Within results of  SWOT, strategy statement of regional spatial development of Sari County based on industrial cluster provides a tool for guiding and restraining forces, trends and processes affecting the spatial development. This statement contains a hierarchy of goals, objectives, and strategies, and policies. These are as alternative paths of action and attempt to provide the ideal model of regional spatial planning based on industrial cluster.

Nowadays, urban development is mostly done in the peripheral areas without regard to the real potential and limitations of these lands. Failure to apply ecological capability assessment process in urban planning has led to inappropriate use of resources, because urban development and growth is often done in the suburbs. This development will result in the deformation of a large portion of the high-quality suburban areas of the city, including agricultural land. This research is a descriptive-analytical and utility, and with the purpose of designing and employing a comprehensive model and usage method of the integrated multi-criteria decision making method and DEMATEL-ANP model in urban land evaluation. Based on Iran literal Ecological Model, slope, climate, soil properties, water discharge and vegetation density, sea level and mother rock were selected as the main criteria affecting urban development land use. Then, in the form of a model, with the help of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM), DEMATEL method was used to determine the intensity of the relationships among factors.

In order to model the ecological potential of urban development land use, parameters such as wind speed (Cw), texture (Pte), depth (Pd), gravel (2 Ps), evolution (1 Ps), drainage (Pdr) and soil erosion (Es), rainfall (Cp), Ct temperature, discharge (Wc), height (E), moisture (Ch), rock (Li), slope (So), and vegetation density (Vgo) were considered. They were divided into three clusters of bio-hydroclimatology, soil and soil formations for vector weighting. To do the job, Super Decision, ArcGIS 10, IDRISI Selva, MATTALAB software were used. First, ecological parameters were prepared to evaluate the urban development land use capability. The meter map (1: 25000) was used to obtain the slope layers and to reclassify the height. For this purpose, the TIN map meter was first derived from the TIN map and the slope and elevation maps were extracted from the TIN and the maps were classified. To determine the study area, 10 kilometers around the city was designated for urban development use. After extracting the constraints, they were zeroed and standardized according to Boolean logic. They were then synthesized using the common logic (AND). All layers must be standardized before they can be merged to be able to be merged using decision rules. [r1] For this purpose, layers of height, pebble and soil depth and vegetation density were standardized using the linear membership function and slope layer using User Defined. DEMATEL and ANP methods were used to determine criteria weight vector and integration. After weighting the factors, the layers layer integration process was initiated using multi-criteria decision-making rules to achieve land use-friendly areas of urban development. Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method was used to integrate the layers. Then, histograms and breakpoints of utility map values were used to identify urban development land use classes on the evaluation map. Finally, reclassification of urban development took place and the final evaluation map was obtained.Standardization of criteria with fuzzy logic: In fact, a series of inputs are is introduced in the fuzzy process, and by using membership functions, it assigns an appropriate degree to each parameter.constraints map: In this study, the layers of constraints for urban development including good rangelands, 100 m buffer road according to Roads and Railways Land Use, 500 m buffer river, 1000 m buffer main fault, and 500 m buffer secondary fault were determined.DEMATELThis method is based on graph theory; a comprehensive method for constructing and analyzing the structural model of complex causal relationships among the factors of a problem. Describe numerically the concept of the interaction effect of a causal relationship.The Network Analysis Process (ANP) and its stages: The network analysis process is one of the multi-criteria decision making techniques and the developed form of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). While the hierarchical analysis process employs one-sided (one-sided) relationships between decision levels, the process of network analysis provides the conditions where the interactions between decision levels and decision criteria are examined more generally. In fact, this method is used to solve problems where criteria and options are not independent.Linear combination of layers :(WLC) is the most common technique in multi-criteria evaluation analysis. This method is based on the concept of the weighted average. The analyst or decision maker directly weights the criteria based on the relative importance of each criterion studied. Then by multiplying the relative weight of that attribute a final value for each option is obtained.
Perform the evaluation process using the WLC

At this point, each factor was multiplied by its weight and summed for all factors in the constraint map. Desirability is expressed on the map with numbers between 0 and 1. In order to give a correct classification of the resulting map, Strech Stretch designed the map and obtained a map representing a layer with a range of different pixel utility (0 to 255), which further indicates higher potency and utility. Less indicates lower potency for urban development land use.

The ANP method was combined with the aim of first analyzing the interrelationships between the criteria and weighting of the factors according to their coefficient of influence. As shown in the final weight table, the slope criterion with weight of 0.447, and height with weight of 0.439, had the highest final weights in the study area, respectively. Also north and northeast areas of the area with have suitable vegetation density, eastern part of the area with ideal drainage and sandstone dominance corresponds to the urban land use class. The northern, northeast and eastern parts of the range often have first-rate potential for urban development use, with these areas being the most silty siltiest clayey loamy soil texture. Many parts of the south, southeast, and northwest have grade 2 potency potencies, in which the sandy loamy and clayey loamy soil texture exist. Also, most of the area in the southwest and west of the region is not capable of utilizing urban development in the southwest and west of the region.

Damavand city in the east of Tehran province, due to its special features, experiences changes in various aspects. One of these the most common of these changes is in the usage and the coverage of urban land. If these changes occur, regardless of their consequences, they will deplete the earth's resources. Therefore, being aware of the views of elite people in discussing the factors affecting land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand city is one of the important issues in planning and policymaking. In this paper, the applicability of Q-methodology is investigated to understand the causes of land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand. Q-methodology is a research method that is used to rank the factors using a Likert-like scale and check the correlation between the responses of different individuals. In this study, we intend to examine the features and stages of the Q-methodology to identify the factors influencing land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand City from the perspective of different informed individuals and groups. We also seek to answer this question: How can we move forward in presenting a strategic zoning model to optimize the usage of Damavand city space within the framework of extracted factors via Q-methodology?

In this research, the discourse space includes a valid thesis and all scientific research articles (with topics of land-use change discovery). To avoid bias, the unstructured Q-sample was used. Depending on the dimensions of the Q-factors or expressions, a spectral scaled diagram was designed. The participants were selected from the researchers who were informed about the subject. The KMO index (0.783 in the case) was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Q-method. The identified factors were interpreted based on the rotated factor matrix and the highest factor scores were calculated by the comparative analysis method. To identify participants' mental patterns, exploratory factor analysis was performed using a correlation matrix. The principal components method, which is the most common factor extraction method in Q-factor analysis, was applied.

According to the method used and the steps mentioned above, four factors were extracted with a 75.074% variance. To examine these factors carefully, ranking the factor arrays of the determinants of the land-use and land-cover changes were performed. Extracted factors include: A. Urbanization attractions and weaknesses of agricultural economy foundations in the area: People in this group believe that the low prices of agricultural products and the added value of changing land-use are two important measures in land-use and land-cover changes in the region. B. Management and planning factor: Members of the group believe that cross-sectoral urban policies, as well as lack of comprehensive management of natural resources, are among the most fundamental aspects of land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand. C. Physical-Environmental factor: People in this group believe that the physical-environmental factor is the main factor in the changes. In this regard, factors such as the physical and geographical potentials of the region and communication network system are the most important factors of the changes from the perspective of this group. D. Urban infrastructure availability factor: People in the group believe that the availability of urban infrastructure is the most important factor of the changes in land-use and land-cover.

The result of the discoveries indicates the need for effective planning to prevent damage to the urban environment. After analyzing the trend of land-use changes and the affecting factors in Damavand city, suggestions can be made to control the current trends. The results of the Q-methodology, the main factors, and comments on the proposed changes were used as a framework for presenting a strategic activity zoning model. Also, the proposed model was developed based on the standard land-use classification system with an emphasis on the activity dimension.

The development of the tourism industry and its positive effects on human societies have been emphasized in most parts of the world, while the uneven development of tourism has led to negative effects and consequences in society and has received less attention.

In this study, analysis of the damages and negative consequences of uneven urban tourism development in district 22 of Tehran have been studied from the viewpoints of citizens and experts. The statistical population of the study consisted of include the citizens of district 22 of Tehran and experts of the municipality. According to Cochran's formula, 385 citizens participated in the study by random sampling. 45 Experts also participated in the study with 45 people by non-random and accessible participants sampling.  In order to prioritize damage indices and items, the mean Likert type scale was used. For analytical purposes of this study and to compare means of tourism damages between citizens and experts, independent t-test was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between citizens and experts in spatial-physical, economic, and socio-cultural indices. The environmental impacts of uneven tourism uneven development in district 22 of Tehran has been more important for experts, but spatial-physical damage has become more important and the first priority from the viewpoints of the citizens.

The result of this study highlights the importance of environmental index and its ensuing consequences from the viewpoints of experts. But according to citizen’s citizens’ opinions, issues such as urban traffic, access to services and markets and uneven construction are more important.

Many approaches and strategies have been taken into consideration in order to overcome the development bottlenecks and challenges for employment development in rural areas. Tourism development is one of the programs in the field of tourism resettlement. Creating resorts is a practical way to achieve sustainable tourism development and the key to creating of a fun and meaningful ecotourism experience that in many parts of the world offers unique opportunities for rural development. This section deals with the history, culture and rituals of a country. that This form not only promotes employment, local economy development and sustainable tourism formation in the domestic dimension, but also in the external dimension, such as transferring culture and history, acquainting foreign tourists with ritual customs and advertising at no cost and recognition. Most of the world will follow from that such a country. Some believe that the opening up of resorts can play an important role in diversifying the rural economy within the tourism industry and view it as a means to stimulate national economic growth by overcoming underdeveloped ideas and improve the standard of living of local people. Indeed, the importance of tourism in the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions has encouraged many countries to invest and use all their capacities in this area.What is certain is that outsourcing, as a complementary economic function, flows alongside other manufacturing and service activities at the rural and local level, since all businesses in this world follow a particular form or a form that It describes their lives from beginning to end. On the basis of this life-cycle model, this article seeks to answer these questions: After a decade of operating resorts, especially in the study area, what kind of businesses are this? Are they at a stage in their life cycle?And what is their position in the market? Because it is believed that the life cycle model is a good tool for introducing new businesses to the market, adopting the right policies, understanding of the rate of return on investment and financial investment, it is the right tool to promote product behavior in a particular market. One of the different strategies is related to systematic market changes.

This is a descriptive-analytical article that has been done using library and field methods. In this first step, by analyzing domestic and foreign literature and experiences, the most important criteria and explanations of the life cycle of resorts in economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions were identified in 4 categories (onset, conflict, growth and maturity). The follow-up was evaluated using the opinions of 30 experts (including rural development professors from universities in Golestan province and tourism experts from government departments) and 20 landowners who were purposefully sampled. Finally, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's Significance Difference (HSD) and Levon's test were used to analyze the data in SPSS software.

The results showed that the highest average score related to life cycle of resorts in the study area was from experts' point of view about conflict stage with 34.22% and the lowest rate was related to maturity stage with 11%. In other words, according to experts, this type of business is in the process of conflict. Whereas for the local community, the highest score in the life cycle process of the residences was related to the start stage with 38.76% and the lowest to the maturity stage with 15.83%. In fact, to the local community, boomerang resorts are in their early stages. The results of the Tukey test for categorizing homogeneous subsets also show that the two stages of involvement and growth are from the experts' point of view have the highest average. Most percentages are located on an independent floor. This difference is due to differing views of groups on employment, lack of infrastructure, system planning, policy making, raw materials supply, institutional support, sales of technology products and services. In addition, the analysis of the life cycle determinants of the resorts in the Turkmen Saharan region revealed that there is a significant difference between the three stages of starting, engaging and growing these types of businesses from the perspective of the sample community, while this difference is not visible at maturity. Accordingly, the 20 canopy resorts in the study area have considerable distance to reach their maturity stage.

Resettlement resorts are examples of locally owned small scale businesses that play an important role in environmental, economic, social and cultural reform of rural communities, with less pressure on the natural and human environment. Complementary economic performance flows alongside other manufacturing and service activities at the rural and local levels and can be a tool for economic development in local communities that has become common in rural tourism at the country level in recent decades, thus updating the infrastructure, Communication, Institution, Application of New Technologies, Attention to Development and Research.