نشریه اندیشه معماری
پیاپی 8 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The most problem in architecture world is caused by neglecting of the meaning aspects in design, because meanings are creating, identity, beauty and enjoyment of the architecture. Semiotics as the most important meaning factors, can be effective in upgrading sense of place for better relationship between architecture and users. semiotic means the science that searching the social function of signs and finding solutions for creating of meaning by structures of signs. This science having activity in three main level. These levels are ‘the study of signs, ‘the relationship between signs’ and ‘the knowing and reading of audiences’. ‘Knowing and reading of audiences’ aspect is very important in design process and ideation, because architecture as a grid of signs like every connecting thing is covering the collection of sense and concept, that transiting to the users and audiences by the intra-textual relationship. . For the using of semiotic, it’s should be attention to ‘human’, ‘time’ and ‘place’ factors that are effective on mental images and perception. The human factors of perception are formed from physiology, psychology, collective behavior, individual behavior, sense of place and sense of social. The place component are form, scale and function. Historical background, individual experiences and social incident are factors of time components.While the imitation and coping of samples are overcome mostly that this is resulting to lack of identity and social culture. The literature review shows that previous researches concentrate on process aspects for example saying the references of ideas, introducing the creation idea’s position in designing process. So meaningful approaches in idea are needed. This research uses the path and factor analysis for obtaining the goal of designing process correction in ideas levels by semiotic with perceptions of users. The first question is ‘what are the effective factors on the ideation of designing process by semiotic approach. The second question is searching the relationship between effective factors of designing process by semiotic approach. Population of interest in this research are experts and users of architecture designing education. The way of sampling in research is randomized cluster sampling. The amount of sampling is 200 person through teachers and students of Tehran universities. survey research way are used by questionnaire as the tools. The questionnaire as tool of paper is got by discovering information and data of the group of professors by the Delphi and documentation method. Delphi method is accomplished in 3 levels. The way of analysis of reliability in this research is Cronbach’s Alpha. Construct validity, content validity and facial validity are used in research. The sampling are doing between architecture students and their teachers in the famous universities of Tehran. The model shows that “semiotic” is the independent variable. Factor of “ideation” is the dependent variable and ‘psychology aspects and aesthetic aspects are moderator variables. The result shows that “research based analysis”, “aesthetics aspects”, “psychologists aspects” and “collective perception based evaluation of signs” are the effective factors in creation of idea process by semiotic approach. The most important factor that connecting components of ideation process by semiotic approach, is ‘perception’ of the signs.

Making use of plans to build structures dates back to a very long time ago. In doing so, two major elements were geometry and arithmetic. Since before embarking on building structures, drawing plans was unavoidable, mathematical science has been an integrated part in the process of designing and drawing. Nonetheless, the shortage of historiographical documents on this issue gives us no or little information on how the plans were drawn in the past. The main question here is this: What specific phases were involved in the process of drawing plans in the past? And what role have historiographical documents ant mathematical science played in this regard? The present research aimed, to reexamine comprehensively the process of drawing designs in the past and to investigate the role of mathematics in this process based on historiographical documents. Historical resources and documents not only took into account drawing designs but also addressed the role of mathematical calculations and scrutinized drawing process. In addition, the process of drawing designs included four phases: Surveying and drawing the dimensions of the area intended; defining the limits of spaces; drawing spaces based on scales and proportions and finally, drawing the structure based on proportions approved by the client. In fact, one of the primary stages of building a structure is designing its architectural and structural maps, respectively. Upon gaining familiarity with such features as dimensions, topography, light and wind direction, and adjacencies and accesses, architects start designing architectural and executive maps. Preparing maps was considered an inevitable step in the construction process in the past, and one of the first maps, designed on clay board, is related to a residential house in the Mesopotamian civilization and the Akkadian empire. Despite the vast array of information on architecture, especially Islamic architecture, the unknown nature of some of these documents has kept them out of sight or resulted in one-sided judgments of some regarding the relationship between mathematics and architecture, architectural mapping and the status of mathematicians in the design process of maps. What is more, the principles used by craftsman master builders and their performance in the design process of mapping and the implementation process have remained uncertain to some extent; historians’ recorded data suggest only a kind of tradition in architecture without illustrating the method of design and the type of implementation. The design method of past architectural structures, their implementation and construction have been neglected so far. Moreover, there exists no written document that clearly and extensively describes this process. There only exist a few scrolls that have been written on the ornaments used in buildings and their design. Included in these scrolls are some maps whose design process is unknown as no explanation accompanies them. Besides, not much effort has been made to search about Iran’s history of architecture among Persian sources, and the status of historical texts in Iran’s architecture has not been revealed. In fact, the procedure of constructing a building in the past, from theory to practice, was drawn from the experiences of architects and construction details passed down from generation to generation. Reviewing historical texts, the present study seeks to analyze the procedure of mapping where mathematics is used. The study also investigates the relationship between mathematics (and its sub-categories such as geometry) and architecture and represents the stages taken in mapping by consulting the experts. The research method is historical-analytical.

Cultural and Social Factors Influencing the Historical Participation of the Isfahan People in the Preservation of the Isfahan Jade Mosque Social participation is one of the most important concepts of the contemporary world in the field of architecture and urbanism. But our historical experiences have not been left out of this concept. The Isfahan Jame Mosque is an example that has always been visible throughout history, with the participation of the people in its preservation and maintenance. Given the function of social participation in contemporary issues, social study, and understanding of the historical experience of participating in the conservation of the Isfahan Jame mosque is essential for applying it to contemporary experiences. It is one of the most important buildings in the Islamic world that researches have been done about it, but most of these studies has been focused on its physical aspects and its cultural and social aspects have received little attention. On the other hand, the Isfahan Jame Mosque is one of the historical buildings that continues to its functional and physical life for centuries. The purpose of this study is to identify the cultural and social factors influencing the historical participation of Isfahan people in the preservation of the Isfahan Jame Mosque. From the perspective of the research methodology, the research method of this study is qualitative and is based on theoretical theory. In this study, a procedural approach is taken from the induction and is based on data analysis. The required data were extracted from the source of the artifact, ie the Isfahan Jame Mosque itself, and of course the inscriptions as the historical language of the Isfahan Jame Mosque and References including historical texts related to the Isfahan Jame Mosque and related research. The data were then analyzed and conceptualized and coded in three steps. This research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the historical and cultural factors influencing the historical participation of Isfahan people in the preservation and protection of the Isfahan Jame Mosque? And how are they influenced? The results showed that the process of preservation of the Grand Mosque of Isfahan has historically been done by both govern and with the participation of the people. Public participation in this process is clearly identifiable in the body of the mosque. Three general factors were identified from the results of this study. The first factor is the religious beliefs of the community which lead to the continuation of historical participation through the creation of a view of the necessity of social activism towards the physical social environment of Muslims and the necessity of preserving the social physical environment as a divine trust and through the mechanisms of tradition of endowment and patronage in Islamic culture. Has been preserved in Isfahan Jame Mosque. Alongside this factor, the factors of the sense of belonging to the community and the presence of a desire for immortality in the society's thoughts are other factors of historical participation in the conservation of the Isfahan Jame Mosque.

Statement of the problem: A place, is an identity indicator with a specific (objective-subjective) structure that adds sense to the surrounding environment. But the sense of place is not just a simple way of explaining how one perceives a place by an individual, but rather a meaningful and multi-dimensional concept, and relates to the symbolic and emotional identification of a person relative to the place. So the sense of place is based on the experience of the individual in interacting with the place that defines the relation of one's person to his environment, which is resulted from understanding his position in his place and his perceptive functions. So it goes beyond formal-physical structures and is affected by the images and mental associations of the individual over time. The sense of place is one of the most important factors in creating a demanded and positive relationship between man and the environment. The physical elements as one of the defining factors of this concept, are of particular importance because they are controllable by the designer. Research question: This paper sought to answer the question that what are the structural components in promoting the sense of place in contemporary and traditional mosques in Shiraz and what are their effects? Research

The present article is based on the study of the role of physical components in creating a sense of place and improving its levels, with the aim of providing a favorable image of the contrast between contemporary and traditional thinking in the design of mosques. The achievement of this research can be used in presenting a new design solution or replacing traditional elements with new and effective signs in strengthening the sense of place of the mosque. Research

Effective criterias were formulated in theoretical framework based on the opinions of the experts. After introducing the physical elements that define the abstract concept of the mosque, they are exposed to value by the audience and the results of the studies are set for each of the traditional and contemporary examples in the tables and analyzed with the help of SPSS software. Factor analysis has been done to identify the main variables affecting the sense of place, and the correlation pattern between the observed variables. For confirmation of research hypothesis, correlation test, T-test and regression test have been used. The value of 0.918 for the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient showed that the results can be cited and valid. The most important findings and conclusions of the research: The findings show that the physical components of the structure of the traditional and contemporary mosques provide different levels of sense of place, and the difference is only in their prioritization. The physical elements in traditional mosques are more closely associated with the identity of the sense of place, and in contemporary mosques, they attach to commitment and dependence on the place. It is necessary to note that despite the undeniable importance of symbolic and physical elements, like dome and minaret, the existence of these elements without activity, the higher levels of sense of place that lead to the preservation of the life of a place, will not be answered. On the other hand, eliminating the overall identity of these identity elements will not provide a sense of belonging and attachment. Investigation of regression path coefficients shows that except for minarets and dome, all physical components in the structure of Shiraz mosques have a direct impact on sense of place. The direct and indirect effects of these components are, in general, more prevalent in traditional mosques than in contemporary mosques. In this study, it was found that the physical structures are of particular importance in both samples. The resulting difference is due to the different functionality of each physical element in the structure of the mosque, commensurate with the needs of worshipers.

Because flexibility makes it possible for people to change their living conditions more optimally during their lifetime according to their changing circumstances and needs. Accordingly, the flexibility of the past has been the focus of designers. Investigating the principle of flexibility as one of the factors in increasing the quality of life in people's lives, considering the rich history of Iranian architecture in this field, is an important and noteworthy discussion. This paper seeks to identify the relationship between components and strategies in order to identify the relationship between the components of flexibility versus the strategies of flexibility. So the answer to the question is, "What is the relationship between the components of flexibility and its strategies according to the characteristics of each of them?" Because identifying the relationship between flexibility components and flexibility strategies is a complex process, this research can serve as a basis for basic research to identify the relationship between flexibility components versus its strategies. This paper uses the causal process method to identify the relationship between components and flexibility strategies in order to answer the question in a few steps by establishing a causal relationship between the material being studied and discussed. The causal process is a kind of logical connection of propositions and concepts, which can ultimately be the result of the connection between propositions and concepts. The basis of any qualitative research is based on the presentation of theory. It is important to take steps to develop knowledge and add to the awareness of people and to create a theory. Three methods are used to create theories: rules 8, based on axioms 9, and causal process 10. The causal process is defined as a set of definite or probable causal propositions that describe one or more processes with a causal mechanism that characterize the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables .The causal process is used to create and create different theories in the field of knowledge. In such theories, the theory is first formed and evaluated in a logical system with the help of scientific propositions related to each concept. The causal process, in general, communicates the answers to research questions in a few steps by communicating between the concepts and keywords of the fields of study. Also, the method of collecting information in this research is based on library and documentary studies. Understanding the concepts, components, and strategies of flexibility in architecture is one of the most important parts of the research process. Following this knowledge, it is possible to construct the communicative propositions of the components and strategies of flexibility. Logical communication between components and strategies leads to the construction of causal propositions of communication and the explanation of the relationship between them. In this research, first, the issue of flexibility and its importance is examined and then this word will be explained from the point of view of experts. In the next step, the concept of flexibility will be described according to its components and strategies, and the structural and fundamental principles and characteristics of each of the components and strategies will be stated. In the last step and after the described steps, the components and strategies of flexibility and their relationship expression are evaluated. The results of this study indicate that the strategy of building systems as well as service spaces is the same component of flexible segregation and aggregation; Acceptable is the same as the equipping strategy for using space flexibility.

This research studies the factors which affect the residents’ lifestyle and the lifestyle effective rate on the body of contemporary homes in Mashhad city. In order to explain these factors and studying the residents’ lifestyle evolution, this research tries to discover the relationship and its effect on the home and its physical changes. The home is the ultimate place and body for displaying a high and thigh human lifestyle; because the lifestyle is a systematic set of activities and choices that manifests itself extensively in the home and in the individual family privacies; in fact, the home is the life activities Extensive behavioral headquarters litter; even with nowadays limited hours that family individuals have at home, it still has a special place in defining the person and his or her identity during his or her life choices. Therefore, the interconnectedness and the two way relation between home and the flow of life, bring the home an identity beyond a body; and it is necessary to understand the relationship between residents and the home (here mean lifestyle) in order to understand the home. Based on the results of the accomplished studies, this research has categorized the life stylistic factors by defining the "objective" and "preferential" dimensions and "social", "value", "ritual" and "consumable" as sub-dimensions. The study results are taken from gathering the field questionnaires; which there were 237 acceptable questionnaires from 250 distributed questionnaires among the residents of different neighborhoods of Mashhad city. The research method is descriptive analytic and the process of choosing the sample size was ‘simple random’; the analysis for this study was done by the Smart PLS software. The study results led to the integration of "value" and "ritual" dimensions due to the many subjective and semantic commonalities; also, the "preferential" and "objective" dimensions definition were acceptable for identifying the residents lifestyles. Other important points from the analysis of the findings are the role and the diminishing relationship of value-ritual dimension in comparison with other social dimensions and consumption, in the objective aspect of the mitigation of residents of the city of Mashhad, which was contrary to the imagination of the researchers, as the researchers attributed this It was believed that the residence in the holy city, which is dominated by the presence of Imam Reza (AS), makes it a big difference to the livelihoods of its inhabitants with respect to other aspects of their lives. However, this was not achieved by analyzing the responses of this research. The point is that the media of the world, especially the cyberspace, are in the lives of today's people, and the city of Mashhad seems to have been no exception to this in general, because in the objective dimension of consumption, the modeling of television and media Virtual ones like Instagram and Telegrams are 0.822 and 0.696, and this is the evidence of the diminution of traditions and values in the life of contemporary society in Mashhad.. The important point about the residents’ house location, choosing it and having internal changes at it, is that more than half of the respondents have changed their residence place after 7 years, while about 65% of them in less than 6 years had internal changes and home furnishings replacements. Eventually, it can generally be stated that the house and its body (from choosing the house location to having small changes in its internal spaces), there is a meaningful relationship with the factors affecting the residents’ lifestyle. Also, according to the Mashhad city residents who answered to the questions, the statistical analysis have shown that there is a meaningful relationship between the house and its status and body in one hand and the life stylistic factors in the other hand.

The achievement of an ethical lifestyle is a very complex issue whose roots can be found in the interaction between the environment and our existential aspects as humans. In any environment, we seek to make the most of available environmental capabilities to meet a variety of individual and social needs. We tend to modify our surroundings to fit our own existential aspects and to make life more desirable.The purpose of this study is to identify and explore the relationship between environmental capabilities and existential human aspects in line with the achievement of an ethical lifestyle. The present study seeks to answer the following question: How can we explain the relationship between environmental capabilities and an ethical lifestyle? Previous theoretical studies suggest that existential human aspects, including internal areas (beliefs; feelings/emotions; intentions/desires) and external areas(speech; behavior) interact with environmental capabilities(physical,social,symbolic) to influence lifestyle-shaping variables(scope, capital, character,practice, symbols, class, and disposition). In order to achieve a moral lifestyle and thus a moral behavior in humans, there are stages for ethics to actualize in practice – stages that express the processs of knowlege and practice in an ethics-forming way. The stages of the development of ethical behavior from the Islamic point of view are as follows: intention and potntial(knowlege and possibility); action (idea/mind); reaction (manifestation/apparent behavior); character stage(habit/stability); culture and method (expansion/pattern formation/propagation).At each of these stages, environmental capabilities affecting existential human aspects provide the context for the formation, consolidation, and institutionalization of an ethical lifestyle. Perhaps the most important feature that one should consider in today’s consumer world is choice. One’s choice in the face of a multitude of consumption patterns will lead to one’s distinction (symbols) from other social spaces (scopes/areas) and will bring about unity among the members of the social space (class). The important point in this choice is that the social structure chosen according to an ethical lifestyle must be consistent with the nature of one’s beliefs and ideas to prepare the ground for an ethical lifestyle (character). After choosing the desired social structure, one must take steps to develop one’s second existential aspect, that is, the area of emotions, affects and feelings. In other words, by foregrounding the symbolic principles of belief and thought (symbols), one’s attitudes, desires, tendencies, values and insights help nurture and develop one’s existential aspects. In the meantime, maybe the environment (social, economic and cultural capital) pose limitations for the individual. The only way to overcome these environmental constraints is to have a strong will (strengthening one’s will and intention) which plays a central role in achieving an ethical lifestyle. When one understands the ethical way of living according to his/her internal areas of existence, one can actualize (turn into practice) one’s internal areas through one’s external areas (speech and action). In addition, objective and subjective phenomena, which consititute a set of behavioral patterns in everyone’s lifestyle, should find actual manifestation (character) according to one’s external areas of existence (speech and action). To test the theoretical model of the study, we selected Azab Daftariller, a traditional neighborhood in Tabriz, and sampled 200 participants from among the residents to investigate the effects of environmental capabilities on existential human aspects as the context for the formation of an ethical lifestyle using confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate that the interactions between physical environmental capabilities on the one hand and human feelings/emotions at the macro-level (in the neighborhood) and human intentions/desires at the micro-level (at home) on the other hand provide the context for the formation of an ethical lifestyle in individuals and in society at large. Moreover, the interaction between social environmental capabilities on the one hand and human speech and behavior at the macro-level (in the neighborhood) and human intentions/desires at the micro-level (at home) on the other hand provide the context for the consolidation of an ethical lifestyle at home and in society and turn it into a personal and social habit. Finally, the interaction between symbolic environmental capabilities on the one hand and human feelings/emotions at the macro-level (in the neighborhood) and human intentions/desires at the micro-level(at home) on the other hand provide the context for the expansion and instutitionalization of an ethical lifestyle among family members and in society at large.

Due to the accumulation of users at a limited level and the significant use of energy resources in tall buildings, it is necessary to consider the sustainability approach in the design process and operation stage. The development of technology and the specialization of various sciences such as architecture along with issues related to environmental psychology are among the factors that affect human comfort and tranquility, as well as the rapid growth of cities, increasing urban population and subsequent housing construction in the form of Residential complexes and poor physical and heterogeneous physical development, as well as a quantitative view of physical elements, have had consequences such as loss of space, alienation of man from space, and ultimately reduced sense of place. Therefore, considering that the environment is one of the effective factors in creating a sense of place and a sense of belonging to users, it is necessary to conduct extensive studies to identify elements of sense of place in quantitative and qualitative dimensions of society. The main question of the research is whether the design of a residential complex with an environmental psychology approach will lead to the sustainability of residential complexes in terms of a sense of belonging to the place? 

The main purpose of the research is to analyze the design of a sustainable residential complex with an emphasis on environmental psychology in terms of the sense of belonging to a place in the city of Tabriz.The present research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-based. The statistical population includes all the inhabitants of the sky towers of Tabriz, which is about 2612 people. The sample size is 355 inhabitants of Tabriz Sky Tower, which was obtained by Cochran's method. SPSS software has been used in data analysis. Cronbach's alpha was used to confirm the reliability of the questions, which was 0.885. For the variability of the variables, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) was used, and then Pearson correlation coefficient was used. 

Based on the results of library research and based on the information collected using the questionnaire technique and their analysis, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the design of a sustainable residential complex with environmental psychology and the sense of belonging to the place. 

It turned out that paying attention to the factors in the design of housing with the background of environmental psychology in shaping the living space, after its formation, has a significant effect on improving the sense of belonging to the place. Also, there is no significant advantage between the two factors of recognizing humans with their diverse characteristics in design and recognizing humans as selective beings, in terms of belonging to the living space. In other words, one of these factors cannot be considered more effective in increasing the sense of belonging. This research can be considered as a starting point for evaluating and reviewing residential space units, open spaces of residential complexes and can be the basis for developing a design guide to improve the quality of residential space.Based on the results of library research and with regard to the information gathered using the questionnaire technique and its analysis, the hypothesis of this study is a significant relationship between the design of the residential complex with environmental psychology and the sense of belonging to the place. . In other words, it was noted that paying attention to factors in the design of housing with the field of environmental psychology in shaping the living space after its formation has a significant effect on the sense of belonging to the place. Also, the influence of the two factors, "recognition of human beings with their diverse characteristics in design" and "recognition of humans as an inventory of choices," does not have a certain superiority over the sense of belonging to the habitat. In other words, one of these factors cannot be evaluated for increasing the sense of belonging. This research can be considered as a starting point for assessing and reviewing units of residential spaces, open spaces for residential complexes and is the basis for designing a design guide for improving the quality of residential space.

Humans for being, as Heidegger’s interpretation of the dwelling, should take action and build, and with this act (structure), he depicts the world in the form of the place and makes it a structure. Dwelling between the heavens and the earth is "settle" in "between diverse", meaning is the objectivity of the public status of as of human structure. Based on Heidegger’s thoughts, human existence can be significant when humans are able to develop the world in the form of real quality (quadrature) in the place, and to take the environment in such a situation that has gained real dwelling. Architecture is the expression of human intentions of existence in this world. Christian Norberg -Schulz believes that in order to reveal the world of work, a harmonious structure is created between the architectural language of the architectural tools and the Speech language of the habitat of existence. In his view, if we define architectural tools as "language of architecture", we mean something beyond superficial allegories. Speech language has a common underlying structure, which, according to Heidegger, is "the habitation of being." This habitat has the capacity to express various facets of the world's life. The world's life must be implemented and realized in the language of architecture. Typology, morphology and topology, together constitute the architectural language. This article is in the realm of Heidegger phenomenological viewpoints (from the ontological perspective). This view Provides a deeper insight into the truth of the place. He believes that there is a human being in place, and if we devest the place, it means we've got existence from him. In Heidegger's view, phenomenology is a way of questioning and thinking about the existence and everything that is in front of our eyes. “In phenomenology, neither man is abstractly examined, nor the world, Rather, the main focus is on Men – in – the world. Being – in – the - world The central feature of human existence is the confirmation of the fact that everything that exists is environmental”. This research viewpoint is two methodologically, qualitative and interpretative-historical domains. The qualitative approach is rooted in interpretive and critical paradigms. Qualitative researchers believe that the world has no separate being from the individual and their main purpose is to understand the meaning that people give to their daily lives. The field of interpretation has been in the “constructivist” paradigm Based on interpretation and understanding. Heidegger saw understanding as an aspect of the ontological context that has a historical and ultrahistorical origin. This origin, as a pre-understanding, shapes any understanding we have today. The main subject of this study is the possibility of achieving the authentic truth of place and being in the form of the world discovering in a Hawraman Takht residential architecture. It seems that Hawraman Takht is a holy place that takes its meaning from heaven and places it on the earth and by making and creating a place, makes us ponder about the world of the people of Hawraman Takht (earth, heavens, mortals and divinities). It is a special form of the image of the world, presenting an image of the environment in which life "takes place" not in an abstract but in a poetic and conceivable configuration. The findings of this research can provide a field of transformation in today's structures and the preparation of the truth of location in the direction of actual and the creation of meaning.

Daylight is generally thought to improve feelings of health, wellbeing and alertness; however, if visual discomfort occurs, these benefits are likely to be negated. But if visual discomfort occurs, these benefits are likely to be negated. In other words, the presence of daylight is not always a positive one. As buildings are being designed with greater percentages of glazing there is a new interest in avoiding visual discomfort. In educational environments, due to the high level of visual activity throughout the day, consideration to light, and especially to daylight, is very important. Activities in classes with low visual comfort, in the long term, create physical and psychological problems for occupants in educational environments. In day lighting design, visual discomfort should be considered as a problem to achieve the benefits of utilizing natural light source in buildings. While most lighting research focuses on energy efficiency, it's not the only issue in design of lighting scenes for building, but also visual comfort is equally important. Besides sufficient daylight quantity, visual comfort is increasingly concerned in building day lighting design procedures. To guide the design work, it is necessary for day lighting researcher to quantify visual comfort issues under daylight conditions with validated metrics and thresholds will progress the design industry. In this study, five-door rooms, the main room of occupant activity in Yazd traditional houses, were divided base on their position and the dimensions of the model were determined based on the average size of this space. By verifying the energy performance and environmental sustainability of Yazd traditional houses, it is worth noting how these buildings response to the visual comfort function and whether the envelope parameters provide sufficient visual comfort for occupant. At the first step, ASE and sDA as two dynamic metrics that verified by LEED, were first measured in the current situation to evaluate the visual comfort. Then these metrics were used to assess visual comfort in other situation, contain with non-shading, non-colored glass and non-shading/colored glass. With comparing the result with current situation, the effect of these parameters on visual comfort was obtained. The results show that LEED approval is only available in the current situation in north-west facing. At the next step, glare was evaluated between the hours of 8-15 hours in the position of a person sitting near the wall and during the three days, winter solstice, summer solstice and equinox (autumn), and it was observed that only in the present situation in all three periods, glare is imperceptible. So, by eliminating the envelope's physical parameters, visual comfort is disturbed and the current envelope's parameters are appropriate response to the visual comfort.

Nowadays, in order to increase the quality of the place of residence, recognition of the characteristics of children as an important member of the community is necessary and considering the impact of nature on the child and the creation of the grounds for the game and, as a result of their growth, the importance of utilizing nature in housing. Do not by studying the works of traditional Iranian architecture in different parts of the country, the presence of nature in all levels of life is palpable, but this has become diminished in contemporary housing. Therefore, because of their sensitivity, children are more aware of the negative effects of this loss and make it for generations. Future ones also inherit. The present study seeks to provide a new definition and quality of housing by looking at the nature, the child and their link to housing. Because children spend long hours in housing, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the integration of housing and the nature and consequences of this relationship on children. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and correlation and the information is evaluated qualitatively. In order to achieve the goals, a questionnaire for assessing the types of children''s games (physical, language, exploration, building, imagination and group), in housing that needs their growth, and completed by their parents, another questionnaire, based on different elements of nature, the design of a housing was defined and analyzed with a series of questions. In this questionnaire, a five-point Likert scale was used and using Spearman satisfaction correlation, the relationship between variables was determined and Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size. Also, the amount of play with digital devices, sensuality, security and joy of children was also studied. Four regions of Tehran were selected as samples. After examining the form, structure, function, space, decorations, colors and materials as elements that can be designed from nature and are present in the housing, were known. Findings show that there is a relationship between the elements mentioned and the children''s play, and the role of space and materials in keeping with nature is important because of the creation of an environment and the desirable space for more types of games. Also, overall games that help children in open and semi-open spaces increase the security of housing. The higher the number of children''s games, the greater the child''s happiness and the sense of belonging to their place of life, and the game with the computer and virtual games is reduced. Form and structure are two elements that in the studied samples have the least average and effect of nature. According to the studies, it is concluded that the form and structure are less important in the use of housing, and because of the high buildup of housing, forms and repetitive structures are used. Special form and structure related to nature are more important in important urban buildings and are used for urban symbolism buildings because of the special characteristics of this form and structure. Therefore, the form and structure should be used according to the use of housing such as climates, topography, natural proportions and more.

Architecture is a cultural context and place for reflecting individual and social beliefs, ideas and thoughts, and in different eras, throughout history, has illustrated diverse concepts of efficiency through form, function, and content. One of these concepts is nature, that has been present in the body and spirit of phenomena through and It affects on human sensory, cognitive and intuitive abilities via 1. Direct observation and influence of tangible elements as primary nature, 2. Involvement in nature and structural transformation of its elements as secondary nature, and 3. Concepts of nature abstractly abstracted in body and content. This multiplicity of times in different ages - from ancient mythical to new insights - has had a variety of meanings and depends on the components, according to the Foucault's ideas, discourses are their creator; Discourses that are the result of the power of society and contain statements that affect all structures of society. The First Pahlavi era in Iran is the transition from tradition to modernity and the era of innovative developments in architecture; national sweat and religious prejudice on the one hand and attachment to modern world developments on the other hand were influential components of these developments that led to there were various trends in architecture. Returning to the past, these tendencies embraced various concepts and adapted them to the conditions of society. In this period, internal and external political, social, and cultural developments have led to change in the structure of society. Undoubtedly, these variations interpreted the presence of nature and its derived concepts with new knowledge and insights. The main purpose of this study is to identify the discourses and their role in understanding the nature of the presence in the First Pahlavi period’s architectural index buildings. Foucault's Genealogy is research method and the technique of data analysis is discourse analysis. Foucauldian genealogy is a critical analysis attempting to disrupt common knowledge about things; it is an historical-analytical method that emphasizes disconnect, continuity and lack of oneness, and in search of evolutionary grand rules or profound meanings that make sense. It is a critical way of criticizing and analyzing the factors that have generated valuable concepts in the present time. Emphasis on the relationship of knowledge and the emergence of discourse in the intersection of power and knowledge and the impact of non-speech acts are among the issues encountered in this method. The results of the study show that the presence of nature and its implications in the architecture of the First Pahlavi period does not have a permanent and predetermined fixed identity and is not affected by the course of historical evolution; Rather, it is influenced by the presence of discourses that are formed in each period on the basis of the dominant characteristics of society and which have played a significant role in shaping their identities; In addition, the passage of time has not only contributed to the evolution and continuity of nature's presence in Iranian architecture, Rather, it has been the creator of disconnections that can be the prelude to the creation of a new form of domination and the discovery of new fact and knowledge in architecture.

This article intends to recognize the original characteristics of the layout of chahārbāgh during 920s/1510s to 960s/1550s and clears the relation between it and the fourfold pattern attributed to the main form of gardens in Iran. Two texts have been purposely selected and studied; Irshād al-zira’e by Abu Nasr Heravi and mathnavī of Rawza al-sifāt in the third khamsa by Abdi Bayk Shirazi. Chahārbāgh and fourfold pattern for the garden have been mentioned in Persian and Islamic garden studies frequently and it has been usually accepted that they have the same or very similar fundamental characters. The article starts with a literature review during recent decades that shows how some scholars have interested to interpret the term of chahārbāgh literally. This short review will help to understand how the concept of chahārbāgh and fourfold pattern have been expanded and this propensity has been followed until now. Afterward, chapter eight of Irshad al-zira’e will be studied and the reconstructed plans based on that chapter would be assessed and compared together. It is referred to four reconstructed plans by Galina Pugachenkova, Ralph Pinder-Wilson, Mahvash Alemi, and Maria Subtelny to clear those characteristics of the layout of chahārbāgh which there is less doubt about them. In this case, a rectangular enclosure, rows of trees along the walls and a linear structure include a pathway, water canal within it, the pool, the mansion, and the platform define the layout of chahārbāgh. A comparison between reconstructed plans does not clear a significant difference between them that can address to a fourfold pattern. A depicted painting in Herat in 899/1494 will also be studied. It shows the layout of chahārbāgh had been echoed in paintings before Heravi’s manual. Comparing that painting and its pictorial structure with Heravi’s text indicate that the described layout by Heravi has been recognized in Herat at the end of the 9th/15th century and it is not an invention by him. The next step will be comparing the mentioned layout with other samples with a similar structure, for instance, the garden of Bahram Mirza in the 10th/16th century which was described by Abdi Beyk Shirazi and bāgh-i Chihilsutūn in Isfahan in the 11th/17th century. The article will also scrutinize the layout of the bāgh-i Shāh in Saʿādatābād in Qazvin in the 10th/16th century which could be considered as a garden with a couple of crossed pathways due to Abdi Beyk’s description. The spatial structure mentioned by Heravi and the pattern of the gardens described by Abdi Beyk are not exclusive and have continued at the end of the 10th/16th and 11th/17th century in Kashan and Isfahan. The conclusion clears that at least during the 920s/1510s to 960s/1550s the layout of chahārbāgh could not consider as a fourfold pattern and that layout was not the peerless pattern for garden making. This study shows that the layout of chahārbāgh and the fourfold pattern are not the same and in official poetries for the court, a garden with crossed pathways has not been called chahārbāgh.

The purpose of this research is to study the structure of open spaces and its interaction with opposing clear walls in the historical houses of Ardabil. Hence, the courtyard is investigated as an open space that is in relation with the facade and the main living spaces of the structure to provide suitable daylight, and on the other hand, as a basic element in terms of sustainability, as well as it’s opposing clear facade and walls. The paper answers two questions: First, what is the nature of the structure governing the courtyard and it’s opposing clear walls in the historic houses of Ardabil? Second, how is the relationship between the yard and clear walls in these buildings? To deploy this research, a descriptive and comparative method has been used, focusing on the climatic and environmental role of the courtyard and the light transmitting walls, and by selecting twelve case studies from historical houses in the city of Ardabil located in the cold climatic zone of Iran, which all belong to the Qajar period. For this purpose, orientation, formal analysis, courtyard proportions (length to width), mean depth (length to height), viewing angle, height pattern, closed to open space ratio, facade and clear surfaces area, shadow and sunlight percentage in the courtyard, sky view angle and the sky mask percentage are examined and analyzed. The analysis method is formal and tools for collecting information include written sources, documents, maps, sketches and field observations, and drawing graphs and analytical charts. Also for daylight analysis, the Ladybug plugin coded in the Python programming language and implemented in the Grasshopper plugin running by the Rhino software is used. Weather data for each city are input to the software, and shown interactively and graphically in the Grasshopper environment using light and energy related analysis software such as Ecotect, EnergyPlus, Dysim and Radiance, all connected to the plugin simultaneously. The results of the research indicate that a square courtyard with approximately equal length and width and moderate depth of about four, creates sufficient light in the depth of the surrounding area according to different positioning patterns of the building. Due to the size of the windows and their shape and location on the facade and its relationship with the courtyard, proper sky mask is produced in most spaces, which increases the amount of visible sky and thus the amount of day light. The results of shade amount throughout the year in the courtyard indicate that in the warm seasons proper shade is created in the courtyard, and with the provision of proper daylight using colorful and patterned windows, favorable air flow and atmosphere is provided for the residents in the rooms and courtyard. Although in cold seasons, shading is more than warm seasons due to compact housing in a cold climate, and low angle shining, which is partly compensated by lowering the yard ground and utilizing heat from the earth. However, this lowers the space value of the yard due to the cold weather in these seasons, and only serves as a source of light bringing the sun's heat to the depths of room space and warming them up. These values and the principles governing the design of traditional Ardebil houses are capable of continuing in designing modern spaces in the area, and their optimal use in design can be efficient and create a deeper connection with nature and thus more sustainability of the buildings. In order to reach a general conclusion on the recognition of form and patterns of the traditional cold-climate houses of Iran, it is needed to identify the remaining past buildings in other areas and cities of this region, so that the results of this research could be generalized to all the cities of the cold climate of Iran.

Space creation is the product of architecture. After life, the space is recreated and redefined by users every day. Therefore, studying their social backgrounds, such as age, gender, and cultural sectors in space are of significant importance. One of these factors is gender, which is a social category and is affected by the culture governing the society. Gender is a social category that has always been influenced by the culture of the community and changes over time and thus differs from the term sex, which refers to this from the point of view of biological and physical differences. Considering the sociality of gender, this paper seeks to study the relationship between gender and space along with the quality surveys of shopping malls as a public urban space so that it is possible to introduce a space with specific components, and also these components can be used in architectural design and as well as the needs of all gender groups in this space can be met. Since studies show that women’s needs are more important because of their responsibilities and limitations and because of their sensitivities, the space they deserve is suitable for both sexes. Therefore; this study focuses on the needs and perceptions of both group to achieve their needs. This study was done using the qualitative grounded theory method. In order to do this study, 5 shopping centers in Tehran city were selected and assessed. In this study, observation and interviewing tools were used to measure the theoretical foundations of the observer and the users of shopping malls and to obtain the required categories of responses.observation and interview questions are formulated on the basis of theoretical framework components to assess the components from the perspective of space users and to provide concepts and categories that are needed by both gender groups to assess the needs of both groups in space. To achieve a model of the ideal space. The results obtained from the analysis of shopping centers in Tehran city present some indicators, which are considered as factors affecting the measurement of desirability and undesirability of space, and measured the efficiency of space design. According to the results, if the concepts resulting in the presented categories of perfectionism, spatial acceptance, persuading the continuity of the presence in space, recreation of comfort in space, and gender proportion in space are considered in design, the obtained design has reached gender balance and gender has been considered as a social factor in design issue, and each person can meet his/her need in space, and finally, by gender proportion of space, This level of space efficiency is one of the qualitative criteria for measuring space because each person seeks to meet their needs in the environment and when the environment provides the right conditions and the individual can do less effort to achieve his goals, it is a satisfaction and desirability for him/her, and the achievement of this feeling in the environment is the expectation that each person expects the space s/he desires.

About 40% of the world's energy consumption is attributed to the cooling and heating of residential buildings. This has led researchers to reduce the amount of energy consumed in the field by using modern materials and techniques. One of the most effective architectural and construction solutions in this regard is the use of suitable materials in the design and construction of the buildings, with regard to outdoor space and the impact of climate and climate change on heat transfer between outdoor and indoor. The interior of the building was of great importance. So the positive impact of using proper roofing to reduce energy consumption of buildings has been proven, but how much of each of the conventional roofing materials has reduced the amount of energy wasted and consumed in the heating and cooling areas along with This is a subject that has been analyzed and addressed in this article. Green roofing is one of the new approaches of architecture and urbanization and derives from the concepts of sustainable urban development that can be used in roofing vegetation. Green roofs are not originally a new invention; grass roofs are a traditional construction technique in many parts of the world. The difference between a new green roof and a traditional green roof is due to the different purposes and materials used in these two types of roofs. The main purpose in the past has been to use grass to insulate and remove the sealing layer that is often applied to birch bark. But nowadays, green roofs are aimed at environmental, economic, and health-related improvements to surface sewage management in the city and to address aesthetic issues. The increasing use of the green roof system in recent decades, especially in developed countries, high land prices, population growth and low green space, has led to improvements in the current state of energy consumption, Become more important than ever. Green roofs have grown substantially in recent years, but have not yet developed significantly in terms of performance in reducing energy use and its operational phase. Several innovative construction methods are being used to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, among which green walls and green roofs are increasingly used in buildings, with green roofs effectively improving urban ecology. And provide a useful solution to environmental problems caused by construction. To this end, the present study investigates the thermal performance of three types of roofing (green, white and silver) in three different climatic conditions in Iran to simulate the structure and properties of each type of roofing in Design builder software. Design Builder will examine and compare their performance in the three climates in question. The results show the different impact of each roofing in three different climates and cities (Isfahan, Tehran and Bandar Anzali). The present study found that the use of white roofing is a reasonable choice for hot and dry climates, whereas in temperate and humid climates, the performance of green roofs was evaluated better than other roofs. These results emphasize on the necessity of considering the climatic conditions of the regions in order to select the appropriate materials.

Manifestation is idiomatic that is commonly expressed the quality of insight and its perception from the sea of knowledge and recognition of God and his appearance in the world. And also in the arts depending on such a thought, it appears to different species. The article is responsible for this theory that there is a unity among the proportion of manifested colors of a single light in the colored windows of Iran's traditional mansions. Mysticism is an internal movement of the servant toward the creator (God) and also manifesting of tinted windows is a symbol of this movement that the principles of these are comparable. The fundamental goal of this research is (theoretical and experimental), and due to the nature of it (quantitative- qualitative), this research is based on an analytical- measuring method. The present research methods are collecting data from library resources and field inference that has been formulated after the collection of theoretical base of research, reviewing subjects and indexes through objective observation and the presence in the locality, and estimating of the building, the acquired statistics and information based on the format of the chart and the table. The middle of the camera in the form of flat, colored Windows is estimated and then transferred to AutoCAD software. After drawing, the areas of their color levels are extracted. It has been done separately for each color, and finally, the ratio of colored levels in the form of quantitative data is extracted. and, the titled principles are compared with the proportions of colored glasses. What is noticeable in the first observation of color combination of windows, is restrictions and color constancy used in traditional windows; in these windows has been used only colors: green, yellow, blue and red. the stability of the colors used in Iranian architecture gives specific value and credibility to them. this stability doesn’t apply in the human eye for the components of the necessity of composition, but it's like constant and valuable creatures, which put together in the time of work creation and provide the combination that causes to make the perfection. Also, the stability of colors makes them individually invisible easily from among the wide range of colors. According to analyzing the calculations and the tables; in this case study, four colors (green, blue, red and yellow) are used approximately the same in the windows of this mansion to have an optimal effect on persons.As it can be seen in analysis, the ratio of hot color to cold color is the distance between + and -0.2, unless there may be the ratios of compensation in the total window, for example: in the module B1, yellow color is the most that include the hot colors, while in the module B2, the green color has the most amount that includes the cold colors, this matter keeps the ratio of the cold colors to the hot colors in the total window in the same distance. And it is nothing except the manifestation of unity in diversity and a single words: As the multiplicity of light forms after passing through the colored windows in the sense of the light source is not different and always is the same sun appear that causes the delight. The balance of using colors in case studies; the Khalil-Pasand and Zanjirchi houses are samples of this fact. As mentioned in the table, Iranian artists used the hot (red and yellow) and cold (blue and green) colors with a balanced ratio. Nearly the number derived from calculations is evidence for this claim, and it is the same issue of mysticism that the mystic achieved a balance after a hard austerity. Another factor that can be raised in Islamic mysticism is the discussion of proportion: "in addition to light and color, proportion also exists in order to add the design aesthetic: when colors and bright, pure designs are regulated normally and consistently are better than irregularities. "By investigating the samples is clearly invisible in using the colors. The colors are applied generally and with a slight difference in the windows so that each color beside another neutralizes the intensity of it and had highly significant influences on the people within the space.