فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، تابستان 1399)

Pathology shows that conventional training methods have not been able to be successful in transmitting energy consumption reduction concepts. Therefore, this study uses the intellectual device of "high-performance architecture theory" to explain the characteristics of the “designerly” approach to “energy efficiency” and its effect on increasing the efficiency of architectural design training.

Through closed-ended questionnaires, the research, with self-expression with the participation of 20 professors and 85 graduate students of architecture, asks how much the audience is familiar with the topics of "building physics" and energy efficiency and to what extent does the audience evaluates the relevant academic teachings practical.

The results indicate that the training at the country's top universities is based on the information-based model (not the design-basis) and is therefore evaluated "non-practical" by the audience.

High-performance architecture theory suggests using designerly patterns in reduction of energy consumption in “architecture design training” and change of perspective to replace "emotional-formalist" super-architect training (conventional methods) with training an architect familiar to the use of up-to-date technology. The most important topics for the realization of this theory in architectural education are: move from "tacit knowledge" to "deep learning", from "unique data" to "super-data", from "conventional control and monitoring methods" to the internet of things, and from the old system of "building mapping" to "building data modeling".

The aim of this study is to investigate the ways for preserving energy resources for future generations; creating a proper culture of moderate consumption and distribution of energy; managing production, transmission and distribution, and saving costs; reducing environmental pollutants; increasing national wealth by reducing direct fuel subsidies.

This research is based on applied research methods and data have been collected during a research trip to Yazd historical city in May 2016. These data include objective observations, research in local libraries, and interviews with local academics and conversations with relevant professors to examine how to optimize energy use in housing and how to provide comfort and satisfaction of residents through sustainable architecture. According to the analysis of Yazd city conditions, three samples were selected: Rasulian House, Lariha House, Golshan House. The studied cases have been compiled using modern technologies and descriptive methods.

The most important lessons to be learned from Yazd's traditional architecture are: orientation, dense texture, organic and covered passages, windsurfing, Qanat, building form, digging into the soil, introversion, central courtyard, etc.

Based on this research, it can be clearly stated that traditional architecture is one of the most valuable and precious works in terms of climate values in building design; hence it contains teachings that can be applied in contemporary architecture.

Human comfort involves their physical, psychological and mental comfort. There are several factors that may affect human physical comfort; among them luminous, acoustic and thermal comfort can be mentioned. Usually in researches done in the field of human physical comfort, researchers tried to predetermine human perceived comfort by measuring some physical factors, whilst there are also other ones that can affect human comfort and are necessary to be considered.

The aim of this paper is to determine the non-physical factors that affect human physical comfort. Another aim is to achieve the model of human physical comfort affected by non-physical factors.

In this paper by conducting a library research, researches done in the field of non-physical factors that affect human physical comfort were investigated and analyzed; in this way that physical comfort evaluation methods for users of a space, factors affecting it, places in which those researches were done and those researches results were classified and analyzed. In this paper, among factors that can affect human physical comfort, luminous comfort, acoustic comfort and thermal comfort were studied. Analysis method was statistical and by modeling charts and defining oriented trend process in previous researches.Findings and

Findings of this paper indicated that human physical comfort in a space can not be predicted only by relying on physical factors that were usually used in comfort-related indicators.

After the attention of the global associations to optimal using of energy, exterior walls of the buildings became one of the most important parts of the designing process. The present study aims to investigate the effect of airflow type and also the optimum spacing between two walls in this façade in the warm and humid climate of Iran (Kish Island).

In order to achieve this goal, various configurations of double-skin facades have been investigated using computer simulations (Fluent software 19.2). Two types of air evacuation of airflow and external air layer were investigated. Each of these two flows was simulated with three different distances of 1000, 1500, and 2000mm. In the present study, “the simulation and modeling research method” has been used. In the software simulation and numerical analysis sections, the type of research is “quantitative” and the research method is “analytical”, and the results are obtained based on “induction”.

The results show that during the peak periods of heat and humidity, when the outside air is not in a comfort state, the type of air evacuation causes high temperature and humidity inside the offices, and makes trouble for the thermal comfort of the residents and users.

In warm days and months, it is necessary to use an external air layer. It was also found that in the case of using air evacuation, the optimum depth of air cavity is 2000mm and in the case of external air, curtain layer is 1000mm.

Waves known as geopathic stress due to disturbance in electromagnetic fields are the most common cause of some chronic human physical and mental illnesses. The overall goal of the study is to introduce new standards and strategies in the field of architecture and construction and studying the geometric pattern of Vasto architecture, to prevent or reduce the damages caused by the continuous presence of a human in the vicinity of geopathic stress and, consequently, to maintain and improve the physical and mental health of individuals.

This research is a fundamental one and has been done in two stages; In the first place, information was collected through a study of documentary-research sources and the data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. Then, the effect of geometric patterns on Vastu architecture as one of the effective factors in reducing geopathic stress was investigated using a simulation method.

The findings of the research results and materials contained in the limited resources identify and introduce the form and geometry of construction, materials, orientation of spaces and design context evaluation as the most important factors in reducing and controlling geopathic stress in the field of architecture and confirm the geometric pattern presented in Vastu architecture.

The results while presenting the best geometric pattern in architecture, show how to control and mitigate geopathic stress during three stages of architectural design including pre-design studies, implementation of architectural projects and finally post-construction and operation and architects' knowledge of the basics of geopathic tension is essential.

The central courtyard can play an important role in reducing energy consumption, increasing shading, enhancing the flow of passage and creating evaporative cooling in windphil buildings. This paper seeks to examine the role of central courtyard proportions in the amount of shading, radiant energy received, cooling load and natural ventilation potential.

The research method in this research is a descriptive-analytical one in which the software of Design builder 6.1.2.009, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and Ecotect 2011 were applied to investigate the effect of central yard width change on wind flow pattern, shading pattern and the amount of radiant energy received and the calculation cooling load of windphil architecture.

Comparing U-shaped quadruple buildings with a central courtyard with a fixed volume-to surface ratio, the 4-meter-wide courtyard building model is the best option. Changing the width of central courtyard from 4 to 10 meters resulted in a %13 increase in cooling load and a %10 decrease in shaded areas. However, increasing the width of the courtyard from 4 to 6 meters resulted in a speed reduction of 18.75% and a change of width from 6 to 10 meters lead to a 6% increase in flow rate.

Increasing the width of the central courtyard degrades the passive cooling potential of the building. As a result, a courtyard would perform as an efficient passive cooling system when its proportions are approximately 1: 2.5.

In the last century of Iranian architecture, the use of passive thermal comfort methods has been forgotten and replaced by active methods, in addition to environmental constraints and crises, this process have caused high costs and sometimes reduced access to electricity; As a result, it is essential to use elements and passive methods, especially in warm climates where more electricity is consumed. One of the most important elements of Iran's traditional architecture is wind tower which is still functional due to its simplicity of operation and use of wind energy. In recent years, the use of new building technologies, such as Phase Change Materials, has also led to the revival of passive methods and significant energy savings. Therefore, the present study has attempted to use this material in the wind tower to improve its performance in passive cooling.

This research was carried out in the form of modeling of airflow in the wind tower channel in Fluent Software and comparing the inlet and outlet temperature. In this regard, three models - fiberglass and two types of phase change with different melting constant temperatures as wall cover-were tested.

Testing of the models showed that the cover of the phase change material was much more effective than the fiberglass cover (at least between 4.5°C until 5.5°C) in reducing the outlet temperature of the wind tower.

This amount of cooling covers at least three months in warm season and some time of day in the warm and humid climate of Qeshm and will play a reliable role in reducing electricity consumption.