نشریه اندیشه و رفتار در روان شناسی بالینی
پیاپی 55 (بهار 1399)

Women with breast cancer should be able to deal with the initial impact of receiving news of a cancer diagnosis and its family, social, economic, and personal consequences, as well as the side effects of treatment measures such as changes in physical appearance, changes in roles, and social functioning. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and spiritual therapy on perceived stress, body image and quality of life of women with breast cancer. For this purpose, during a semi-experimental approach with pretest-posttest with the control group, 60 women with breast cancer were selected as convenience sampling in Tajrish Hospital and randomly divided into four experimental groups (three groups and one control group). The groups were tested before and after training in terms of body image, perceived stress, and quality of life. The results of MANCOVA's analysis showed that cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective than the two other therapies and spiritual therapy is more effective than acceptance and commitment therapy on body image and quality of life; Also, spiritual therapy is more effective than two other therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy is more effective than acceptance and commitment therapy in perceived stress. Cognitive-behavioral therapy seems to be more effective in reducing perceived stress, body image, and quality of life in women with breast cancer than acceptance and commitment therapy and spiritual therapy

Death anxiety is an unusual and great fear of death that is accompanied by emotions such as fear of death or apprehension when thinking about the process of dying or what happens after death. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between defensive styles and cognitive regulation strategies. The excitement was the anxiety of death among elderly men and women in Urmia. For this purpose, in a descriptive correlational study, 250 elder (52 women and 198 men) were selected, available for sampling, and evaluated in terms of defensive styles, adjustment problems, and death anxiety. The results of regression analysis showed that the use of defensive styles, increases the rate of death anxiety in the elderly. It was also found that the relationship between undeveloped defensive styles and overall death anxiety was significant, and in developed defensive styles with death anxiety, this relationship was confirmed. The results of this study showed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies are able to predict and explain anxiety disorders; also, death anxiety can be predicted by acceptance variable up to 15%, by acceptance and catastrophizing variables up to 28%, by acceptance, catastrophizing, and blaming others variables up to 29%, and by acceptance, catastrophizing, blaming others, and positive reassessment variables up to 31%.

Although obesity and overweight are one of the high-income countries’ problems, it becomes low- and average-income countries difficulty too. Obesity is a medical condition that fatty tissues stored in the body more than normal; also, this may cause retrogression of health indicators, such as decreased average lifespan, and or lower the quality. The aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of group training emotional regulation and cognitive behavioral therapy on emotion regulation of overweight people. For this purpose, during a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and the control group, 60 overweigh individuals referred to medical centers were selected with convenient sampling. Participants were divided into three groups randomly (two experimental group and one control group). Participants assessed with emotional regulation before and after interventions. Both experimental groups received 8 sessions of treatment. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the emotional regulation methods and cognitive behavior therapy are effective on emotion regulation of overweight individuals; also, emotional regulation therapy is more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy. The findings support the impact of treatments that emphasize on emotional management.

Diagnosed with cancer is highly stressful. High stress can complicate other physical problems in patients with cancer through cortisol. Various psychological therapies have been proposed to intervene in reducing stress levels and, of course, to help these patients recover. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of spiritual therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy on lowering blood cortisol levels in women with breast cancer. For this purpose, during a quasi-experimental study with the control and follow-up group, 60 people (20 participants for first treatment group, 20 for second  treatment group, and 20 for control group) from breast cancer women in Tehran's Shohada Tajrish Hospital in Tehran were selected using convenient sample method. Random forms were used in three experimental and control groups. The two experimental groups treated with spiritual and cognitive-behavioural therapy during eight, 90-minute sessions, but the control group did not receive treatment. The groups were tested for blood cortisol levels before, after, and 2 months after the intervention. The results of covariance analysis showed that both spiritual and cognitive-behavioural therapies were effective in reducing the cortisol levels of patients in treatment groups, although spiritual therapy was evaluated as more effective, also,  the effectiveness was consistent in the follow-up test. This research supports the greater impact of spiritual interventions in reducing patients' stress levels.

For years, clinical psychologists have found that emotional states can affect physical problems, and the link between psychological stress and physical characteristics, including obesity, has recently been evaluated. Self-efficacy is one of the concepts that have attracted a lot of attention in weight loss programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dialectical behavioural therapy on lifestyle self-efficacy related to eating and body mass index in overweight people. For this purpose, during a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test group, among overweight people referred to medical centres and regional nutrition clinics in Tehran, 30 people were selected as convenient samples and assigned in two experimental groups and control group. The experimental group treated with dialectical behavioural therapy, and the control group only participated in group sessions on food awareness and food types. Before and after the intervention, the groups were assessed for self-efficacy, lifestyle, weight, and body mass index. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance (Manqua) showed that dialectical behavioral therapy is effective on lifestyle self-efficacy. The results of this study support the effectiveness of dialectical behavioural therapy on self-efficacy, eating lifestyle, and body mass index in overweight people.

Social anxiety is the persistent fear of one or more situations in which a person is exposed to the meticulous gaze of others and the fear of acting or behaving in a way that is wrong and therefore humiliating or embarrassing. This goes beyond being normal shyness, which in many cases leads to the avoidance of significant social and occupational situations. Lack of social anxiety and dysfunctional attitudes are among the influential factors that play an important role in eating disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of social anxiety in organs and dysfunctional attitudes in predicting eating disorders in female students of paramedical disciplines. For this purpose, during a descriptive correlational study, 190 female students of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd were selected by convenient sampling method and evaluated in terms of eating disorders, social anxiety of organs, and dysfunctional attitudes. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between eating disorders and social anxiety of organs and dysfunctional attitudes, and these variables predict 0.20 of the variance of eating disorders. Considering the analytical findings of this study, it seems that the role of social anxiety variables and dysfunctional attitudes in health planning should be considered.

Social networks are a new generation of possible new resources, and by using the way they can allow you to do so, they can move in their own way in the virtual world with your consent, so that they can enjoy different perspectives. The purpose of this study was to prediction of social network addiction based on maladaptive schemas & cognitive distortions by mediating family's emotional atmosphere variable in students. For this purpose, in a descriptive correlational study, 348 female students of the Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch were selected by available sampling method and in terms of social network addiction, early maladaptive schemas, cognitive distortions and emotional atmosphere of the case family were evaluated. The Evaluation of standard coefficients of research showed that the variable of maladaptive Schemas was 62% (β = 0.62) and the cognitive distortions were 20% (β = 0.20). The effect of Family's Emotional Atmosphere. It was also found that the family emotional climate variable had a 74% effect on social network addiction (β = 0.74). People with mental-emotional vacuum within themselves, with tendencies Extreme social networks respond artificially to their vacuum and need.

Working with people with mental health problems also affects psychotherapists and their families, and brings stress and rewards, and affects their lives and family and social relationships. The aim of this study was to study the effects of counseling and psychotherapy on the family and social life of psychotherapists. For this purpose, in a descriptive research of purposeful review and analytical studies, computer awareness databases including Medline and Psychinfo for English sources and SED for Persian sources were conducted. The results of numerous studies show that many clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists and psychiatrists experience negative and positive effects in relation to their family members and in their family and social relationships. The study of the effects of psychotherapy on clinical professionals and their families is a broad and populist issue and leads to the question of what criteria should be considered in the home and their family and social life to positive effects of the profession on clinicians and their families. Strengthen and minimize its negative effects. In this article, these related criteria are discussed and analyzed and suggestions are made.

Difficulty in regulating emotional excitement and anxiety sensitivity are two key factors in social anxiety disorder. In examining the underlying mechanisms of the disorder, the researchers concluded that avoiding experiencing emotions, thoughts, and moving away from valuable life goals, strengthens the psychological inflexibility of the social context and behavioral functions of therapists. The aim of this study was to review the hexagonal model of psychological flexibility, compassion-based therapy, functional analytical psychotherapy and matrix therapy for acceptance and commitment to social anxiety disorder and other anxiety disorders. For this purpose, in a review study, published articles on the treatment of social anxiety disorder were reviewed in Scopus databases from 1997 to 2019. What seems to be the model of treatment of acceptance and commitment and compassion therapy is effective in reducing social anxiety disorder. The results of this study support the difficulty of regulating emotional excitement and anxiety sensitivity in social anxiety disorder. It seems that avoiding experiencing emotions, thoughts, and moving away from the valuable goals of life, strengthens the psychological flexibility in the social context and behavioral functions of therapists.