فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1399)

Nowadays, to get rid of the side effects of chemical drugs, the use of medicinal plants is taken into consideration. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOs) is an important reproductive and endocrine disorder in women in the reproductive age. Also, Similar to PCOs, some disorders have been identified in other animals such as sheep, rat and mouse. PCOs is known as one of the most important endocrine disorders and a common cause of anovulation and infertility. There are some studies about the effects of vitex (Vitagnus castus) on different aspects of PCOs animals such as endocrinology (hormonal profiles), ovarian histology and changes in estrus cycle, but there is no study about the effects of vitex on embryo qualities or efficiency of embryo production. The aim of this study was evaluation of vitex extract on in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of oocytes in mice exposured to polycystic ovary syndrome.

A total of 32 adult virgin NMRI female mice were kept in a temperature-controlled room under a 12 hours on and 12 hours off light cycle. Animals were randomly and equally allocated into four experimental groups included: 1) Control group (con) which did not receive any injection or other manipulations, 2) polycystic ovary syndrome group (PCO) received an IM injection of 4 mg/kg estradiol valerate dissolvedin 0.4 ml of sesame oil) (Aburaihan Co., Iran), to induce PCOs, and groups 3 and 4 were induced PCO that orally received vitex extract at 365 mg/kg/day and 730 mg/kg/day dosage, respectively for 30 days. Each eight of them were housed in to a cage with unlimited food and water access. Thirty days after the estradiol valerate injection, animals were IM administered by 7.5 IU of PMSG. Subsequent of 48 hours, the mice in experimental groups were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and then sacrificed, after that their ovaries were removed and separated from other tissues. In order to provide oocytes, GV oocytes were isolated from ovaries and cultured in TEM199. After insemination of MII oocytes resulted from incubation of GV oocytes, the investigation of fertilized oocytes (zygotes), blastocysts and hatched embryos were carried out by inverted microspore. Then the ovaries were fixed at least for a day in formaldehyde 10%. Prepared tissues according to standard protocols were used for counting of different type of ovarian follicles. Tissue staining was carried out with hematoxylin and eosin. All types of follicles were counted in each ovary.

Numerous experimental models for PCOs have been developed using estradiol valerate. Estradiol valerate can produce a PCOs model in mouse with interrupting in metabolic and physiologic processes. In this study, morphological examination of the ovaries showed that exposure of young adult female mice to a single dose of exogenous estradiol valerate can inhibit ovulation and consequently induces PCOs. The amounts of serum testosterone and estradiol substantially decreased in treated groups in comparison with PCO mice (p < 0.05). Increase of testosterone is one of the most important symptoms in PCOs, but use of vitex extract decrease testosterone concentration whether in groups consuming 365 or 730 mg/kg/day that is because of less number of follicular cysts in these groups versus PCO group (p < 0.05). In this regard it is observed total number of follicles with less than 70 µm and more than 200 µm significantly was higher than PCO group (p < 0.05). These results are expected because polycystic ovary is a disorder of follicle development. In PCOs, follicles arrest in immature stages and therefore dominant follicle selection will not occur. This may be due to lack of positive estrogen feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary axis. As the result of this lacking, LH surge will not occur and therefore ovulation will be disrupted and finally follicular cysts remain on the ovaries. The number of matured oocytes (MII) in PCO group + 730 mg/kg/day was significantly higher than PCO group (p < 0.05). Also there were no significant differences in percentage of fertilized oocytes (zygotes) and Two-cell embryos between experimental groups (p>0.05). On the other hand, the percentage of produced blastocyst and hatched embryos in group PCO + 365 mg/kg/day was higher than PCO group (p < 0.05). With administration of vitex extract more ovarian follicles ovulated and their oocytes were higher in quality (matured oocytes) that finally, produced more blastocysts and hatched embryos.

The result of present study showed that PCOs can be induced in adult mice with a single dose injection of Estradiol valerate. Also it seems vitex extract consumption can induce more oocytes for fertilization and consequently, production of embryos in animals with PCO syndrome.Conflict of interest: None declared.Keywords: PCOS, Vitex, In Vitro Maturation, In Vitro Fertilization.

Escherichia coli is the cause of many surgical wound infections. This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Capparis spinosa and pistacia atlantica on E. coli in surgical wounds using a rat model. First, Antimicrobial activity of extract of Capparis spinosa and pistacia altantica had been determined by paper disk diffusion method (to determine inhibition zone), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and also by Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Then, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups of treatments and control rats. A circular incision was made on the dorsal inter-scapular region of each rat. Then, rats were inoculated topically with 1.5×108 CFU of E. coli at the site of skin wounds. The extracts of Capparis spinosa and pistacia atlantica was applied to wounds twice a day during the experiment. Animals of the control group were left untreated. The results showed that the extract of Caparis spinosa and Pistacia atlantica had antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of Pistacia atlantica extract against E. coli was higher than the Capparis spinosa extract (The MIC and MBC values). Also a significant difference in the rats treated with the extracts compared to the control group. It can be concluded that the extracts of these plants have antimicrobial properties and inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli in infected wounds and thus can accelerate the wound healing process.

Coccidiosis is known as one of the most common diseases of poultry in all over the world which characterized by enteritis. It annually causes economic losses in broiler chicks production industry. Genus Eimeria causes coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Insufficient ventilation and humidity, inappropriate stocking density, deficient immune responses, bacterial enteritis, and lack of efficient anticoccidial drugs facilitate development the coccidiosis. Coccidiosis also influence microflora and disturbs their population. Arginine participates in structure of some important biological and physiological molecules in birds. It increases pH and can influence population of bacteria. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of arginine on cecum microbial population and serum antioxidant properties of healthy and Eimeria-challenged broiler chicks.

A total number of 384 one-d-old broiler chick (Ross 308) of mixed sex with initial weight of 42±2 g was purchased from local hatchery. Broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with 85, 100, 125 and 150% of recommended digestible arginine. In 21 days, the half of broiler chicks was challenged with Eimeria spp and broiler chicks were divided into 8 groups with 6 replications and 8 birds/replicate. Experimental treatments included: Broiler chicks challenged with Eimeria and treated with 85% of recommended arginine (85-challenge group), broiler chicks challenged with Eimeria and treated with 100% of recommended arginine (100-challenge group, positive control), broiler chicks challenged with Eimeria and treated with 125% of recommended arginine (125-challenge group), broiler chicks challenged with Eimeria and treated with 150% of recommended arginine (150-challenge group). Healthy groups included: broiler chicks unchallenged with Eimeria and treated with 85% of recommended arginine (85-Healthy group), broiler chicks unchallenged with Eimeria and treated with 100% of recommended arginine (100-Healthy group, negative control), broiler chicks unchallenged with Eimeria and treated with 125% of recommended arginine (125-Healthy group) and broiler chicks unchallenged with Eimeria and treated with 150% of recommended arginine (150-Healthy group). In 21 and 42 days, 2 birds per replicate were killed by decollation. At 42 days of trial, blood samples were collected from 2 birds/replicate and gathered in tubes. The population of E. coli, Lactobasillus, total bacteria, bifidiobacteria and pH were assessed. Part of blood was used as whole blood for measurement of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS). malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by ZELLbio commercial kit (Germany). The levels of GPx (No:430430), SOD (439108), total antioxidant capacity (TAC: NX 2332) and (Randox Laboratories, Ardmore, Crumlin, UK) as recommended by producer Company. The study was conducted based on a completely randomized design in a 4×2 factorial arrangement with infection (challenged and unchallenged) and dietary supplemental of arginine (85, 100, 125 and 150% of the recommended levels).

The results showed that challenge with Eimeria significantly decreased the levels of SOD, GPx and TAS but increased NO and MDA (P0.05). Dietary inclusion of 125 and 150% arginine could significantly increase GPx (p < /p>

Assessment intraocular pressure is crucial parameter for a complete ophthalmic exam as it contributes to the diagnosis of ocular diseases.

The study is aimed to determine the referable value for intraocular pressure by using rebound tonometer in Caspian horse.

In this regard, 20 apparently healthy Caspian horses, both male and female aged between 2 and 15 years old and weighted between 150 and 200 kg were selected. The normal condition of eyes indirectly was examined by ophthalmoscopy. The measurement of the intraocular pressure was done by CARE tonometer TONOVET Mark made in Finland.

The total mean and standard deviation of the results obtained from the study of intraocular pressure amount in 20 Caspian horses were calculated as 32.9 ± 6.7 mm/Hg. No significant effect of sex and between right and left eyes on IOP change was found (P>0.05).

Given the importance of diagnosis of glaucoma as soon as possible and the prevention of subsequent disorders in the future, in the study the obtained results can be used as a natural reference to measure the intraocular pressure of Caspian horses.

This study was designed to molecular investigation of the epidemiological distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina in cattle in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, 153 blood samples were randomly collected in the East- and West Azarbaijan provinces. After DNA extraction, a semi-nested PCR technique was used for the identification of B. bovis and B. bigemina species. Based on the results, out of 153 samples, 39 (25.49 %) were infected with Babesia, one of which was simultaneously infected with both Babesia species, and B. bovis and B. bigemina were detected in 38 (97.43 %) and 2 (5.12 %) samples, respectively. Our findings showed a high prevalence of B. bovis in comparison with B. bigemina in the animals (24.83 % vs. 1.30 %). In present research, the prevalence of Babesia species in West Azarbaijan province was significantly higher than that in East Azarbaijan (70 % vs. 30 %). Risk factors analysis revealed that although statistically significant differences in the prevalence of the babesiosis were observed based on climate, season, flock management, feeding and race (p < 0.05) but not age, gender, and tick burden. Our data provide valuable information regarding the epidemiology of B. bovis and B. bigemina infection in cattle in northwestern Iran which will likely be very beneficial for the management and control programs of the disease.

Perturbation of testicular descension into the scrotum result in cryptorchidism. After surgical correction of cryptorchidism (orchidopexy), recovery of damaged testicular tissue, were observed gradually. The aim of present study, was to histological evaluation on the effect of Coenzyme Q10 against testis after orchidopexy in rat. In this study, 40 male immature rats randomly were divided in to 4 groups of 10 animal each. The first group received no surgical intervention. Cryptorchidism Surgery was performed in the second group and rats were kept until the end of the experiment. In the third and fourth groups were established bilateral experimental cryptorchidism and 35 days after surgery was orchidopexy. In the third group after orchidopexy, olive oil were administered for 30 days. In the fourth group after orchidopexy, Coenzyme Q10 with vehicle olive oil were administered daily for 30 days. At the end of the experimental periods, testicular tissue samples were obtained for morphologic and histomorphometerical studies. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results indicated that using of Coenzyme Q10, accelerated repairing process of testicular injuries after orchidopexy. So that diameter of seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium of tubules were increased and spermatogenic indices including Tubular differentiation index, Repopulation Index and spermiogenesis Index significantly increased (p < 0.05). The use of Coenzyme Q10 causes testicular tissue repair, improvement of spermatogenesis histomorphometrical and coefficients after Cryptorchidism correction (Orchidopexy).

Retinol or vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin. Because of the particular role of vitamin A in different tissues and organs, various clinical signs are seen during its deficiency. In addition, in cases of marginal deficiency without clinical signs performance defects, such as infertility are seen. This study was conducted to determine the serumic amounts of beta-carotene and vitamin A of sheep in Khalkhal city. During the summer of 2018; 200 blood samples (100 males and 100 females) were collected from jugular veins of sheep. Spectrophotometry was used for determination of vitamin A and β-carotene levels. The mean±SEM concentration of β-carotene and vitamin A of serum in the open breeding system were 19/5±9/3 (µg/dl) and 57/6±13/1 (µg/dl) respectively, and also in the closed breeding system these values were 19/2±9/6 (µg/dl) and 26/9±7/9 (µg/dl) respectively. The difference between vitamin A in the two groups was significant (p < /em>=0.000), but beta-carotene was not. There was no significant difference in levels of vitamin A and beta-carotene of serum in the four age groups and between the two sexes. In conclusion, the role of age, sex and nutrition in the serumic amounts of these compounds is significantly varied and laboratory results should be interpreted more cautiously.

The laying hen possesses a single functional ovary, which undergoes ovulation at a high rate during its lifespan. In hens, spontaneous tumors of the ovary and, less frequently, of the oviduct, are common. More than 80% of commercial laying hens develop ovarian tumors by the time they are 2 years of age. Ovarian tumors usually don't become apparent until their growth is well advanced. The bird may have a history of egg binding or oviductual prolapse. They may also have problems associated with egg laying, such as increased infections, soft-shelled, shell-less and other abnormal eggs, and generalized signs of lethargy/depression. There is no available cure for ovarian tumors in hens. Treatment options are aimed at stopping egg production and to minimize risk of future egg-related infections such as egg yolk peritonitis. These include hormonal implants or, as a last resort, "spaying". There are also a number of different natural herbs which have shown some benefit. It showed that hens fed a flaxseed-enriched diet for one year experienced a significant reduction in late-stage ovarian tumors. Reproductive tumors can reduce egg production rates and lead to an overall decline in general health in the laying hen. Usually viral agents such as: herpes and retro viruses cause tumors in birds. Most researches on avian tumors has been done in viral agents cases, because of their economic importance and because these studies serve as a model for cancer studies in women. Ovarian epithelial cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths and the most deadly reproductive tract cancer in women. Domestic poultry is the most appropriate animal model for studying ovarian cancer in women. No other animal develops spontaneous ovarian tumors at comparable rates to the chicken which can exceed 35% depending on the genetic background (i.e., strain, age, and number of eggs produced by the flock. Moreover, the pathology and progression of the disease resembles that in humans in several respects. Leiomyoma and oviduct adenocarcinoma are the most common tumors of the reproductive tract in laying hens. Oviduct adenocarcinomas usually originate from the magnum of the oviduct, and occasionally arise from the infundibulum and uterus. Adenocarcinomas in poultry are among the groups of unknown etiology tumors, but a relationship between high egg production and the prevalence of oviduct tumors has been shown. Neoplastic cells are shed from tumors in the oviduct into the abdominal cavity. They implant on the ovary, pancreas, and other viscera and produce multiple, hard, yellow nodules.

The present communication, reports a metastatic adenocarcinoma in an 80 week old commercial layer chicken in second-cycle egg production in Mazandaran province, Iran. Eight dead layer hens were referred to division of avian diseases. On necropsy examination, mesentery and serosal surface of intestine was studded with grayish white nodules. Ovary contained varying sizes of multiple single to lobulated firm, cauliflower-like, grayish white nodules. Also, yellowish transparent ascites were seen in some cases. Tissue samples were taken and placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, then, were placed in cassettes, dehydrated in ethanol, cleared with xylene, and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections were made at 5 µm thickness on glass microscope slides and stained with standard haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and then examined by light microscopy.

Microscopically, cuboidal neoplastic cells were arranged in acinar and tubular pattern in the serosal layer of intestine. The cells appeared as variable sized cuboidal cells with indistinct cell borders, eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, round nuclei, indistinct nucleoli and fine chromatin granules. Intestine nodules showed neoplastic cells and structures similar to those of the ovary tumor. These adenocarcinomas were encountered in 80-week-old White Leghorn hens, which tallies with the reviewed published findings that ovarian and oviductal adenocarcinomas are among the most frequently encountered tumors in older White Leghorn hens. Laying hens are the only animals that develop spontaneous ovarian cancer similar to humans. In the present case, according to histological appearance of the growth in the ovary, the tumor was diagnosed as an ovarian adenocarcinoma with metastasis on the whole of intestines. In this study, ascites was observed in the abdominal cavity of birds; the tumor obstructed the lymph flow and thus could lead to ascites. Prolonged egg production period may be one of the important causes of involvement with this type of tumor. Continuous secretion of gonadotropins can over-stimulate estrogen-sensitive epithelial cells in the oviduct and cause tumor cells to develop.

Neoplastic diseases, regardless of their cause or the organ affected, have economically impact; therefore, it is important to report these cases.Keywords: Layer chicken, Ovary, Intestine, Adenocarcinoma, Metastasis.