نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1399)

In the present experiment the effect of biofertilizers(non-application of biofertilizers, biosuperphosphate bacteria, biosulfur bacteria, rhizobium bacterium, and mycorrhizal fungus) and foliar application of salicylic acid (non-application, consumption of half and a millimolar)on biochemical chractristics and seed elements in two chickpea cultivars (Bivanij and Azad)was conducted as a factorial form based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications under rainfed conditions in Kermanshah during the cropping year 2016-17. The highest amount of proline was obtained in Bivanij and Azad cultivars in 0.5 millimolar salicylic acid treatment with   biosuperphosphate (0.049 and 0.048 miligram per gram fresh leaf weight, respectively), the highest soluble sugar content of one millimolar salicylic acid treatment in Bivanij cultivars with mycorrhiza and Azad cultivars with rhizobium (2.49 and 2.48 milligram per gram fresh leaf weight, respectively) and the highest amount of soluble protein in one millimolar  treatment of salicylic acid with mycorrhiza and biosulfur (0.172 and 0.167 milligram per gram fresh leaf weight, respectively) was obtained. The highest amount of grain protein in Azad cultivar with application of biosulfur and mycorrhiza (24.83 percent), highest grain raffinose (0.853 percent) in Azad cultivar and with non-application treatment of biofertilizers, highest amount of grain potassium (971.65 milligram per 100 gram) in the treatment of one millimolar salicylic acid with mycorrhizal fungus, the highest grain yield (1821 kilogram per hectare ) was obtained by spraying half a millimolar salicylic acid with rhizobium in Bivnij cultivar. Foliar application of 0.5 millimolar salicylic acid with rhizobium bacteria and mycorrhizal fungus, in addition to improving the biochemical properties and content of elements, led to a 31 percent increase in grain yield compared to the control treatment, which was very economically significant.

In the present research in order to investigate the effect of foliar application of zinc (Zn) on some physiological and agronomic traits of safflower cultivars under drought tension, an experiment was conducted as a split plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications for two years (2016-2018) at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute in Karaj. In this experiment, irrigation factor in two levels including complete irrigation and drought tension in the form of irrigation-cut from seed filling stage in the main plots, sub-factors including foliar application of zinc from zinc chelate source at three levels of non-foliar application (control) and foliar application at the rate of 0.6 and 1.2 kilogram per hectare and cultivars including 5 safflower cultivars(Sofeh, Golmehr, Goldasht, Padideh and Parnian) were devided into subplots as the factorial arrangement. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation × cultivar on head temperature, chlorophyll index (spad) and grain yield components, interaction of cultivar ×foliar application of zinc on grain yield components and interaction of irrigation × cultivar × foliar application on grian oil percentage was significant at one percent level.  Foliar application of zinc due to a significant increase in the number of heads per plant and the number of seeds per head increased grain yield by 16.5 percent compared to conditions without the use of zinc in safflower. Also, foliar application of zinc at the rate of 1.2 kilogram per hectare in the grain filling stage had the most positive effect on increasing the grain yield components of safflower cultivars, especially Parnian cultivar. In this investigation, Parnian cultivar due to lower head temperature (28.4 degree centigrade) and higher chlorophyll index (69.1) in terms of number of heads per plant (28.4), number of seeds per head (89.8) and one-thousand grain weight (40.46 gram) had a significant superiority over other studied safflower cultivars under drought tension conditions. According to the obtained results, although the drought tension is causing damage to safflower, but foliar application of zink partially compensated the damage caused by drought tension.

Nitrogen fertilizer management has a special priority for safflower economic production. Increasing the efficiency of this element, in addition to increasing economic benefits, also reduces environmental pollution. Therefore, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of statistical design of complete randomized blocks with three replications at Safiabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during two years (2012 and 2014). Experimental treatments included four amounts of pure zero  nitrogen control (without nitrogen application), 60, 120 and 180 kilogram per hectare and four levels of nitrogen application time as split (consumption of all when planting T1, consumption of two thirds when planting and one third the beginning of the stem elongation T2, consumption of one third when planting and two thirds of the beginning stem elongation T3 and consumption of one third during planting, one third of the beginning of stem elongation and one third of early flowering T4 ). The results showed that the interaction of treatments on plant height, number of fertility heads per meter square, seed yield, oil yield, use efficiency and nitrogen uptake by seed were significant. The main effect of nitrogen on the number of seeds per head, one thousand seed weight, oil percentage and nitrogen uptake efficiency were significant. Also, the main effect of split on the number of seeds per head, oil percentage and nitrogen uptake efficiency was significant. The interaction of treatments compared to control treatment (without nitrogen application) showed an increase in seed yield and consequently oil yield. On the other hand, with increasing nitrogen application compared to control treatment and also with its two and three stages split (T2, T3 and T4) nitrogen efficiency indices decreased and increased, respectively. Therefore, according to the conditions of this experiment and the calculation of the ratio of benefit to cost, application of 60 kiligram pure nitrogen per hectare one-third at a time (T4) with seed yield of 2226 kilogram per hectare and  the highest ratio of benefit to cost (43.18) and nitrogen use efficiency (31 kilogram per kilogram) is recommended.

In order to investigate the possibility of reducing the quantitative and qualitative damage of rapeseed Neptune cultivar in water deficit tension conditions by applying foliar application of salicylic acid and micronutrients in Khorramabad climate, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete blocks statistical design with three replications at Faculty of Agriculture Lorestan University in cropping year 2016-2017. Irrigation at two levels of 20 and 70 percent of field capacity depletion was applied in the main plots and composition of micronutrients (B1 non- consumption and B2 foliar application with a ratio of 2 per thousand) and salicylic acid factor (concentrations of zero, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 millimolar) were compared in sub-plots. The results showed that the simple effects of water deficit tension, foliar application of micronutrients fertilizer and salicylic acid on all tested traits were significant. Also, the triple interaction on number of pods per plant, seed yield, oil yield and carotenoids was significant. The highest seed yield and oil yield were obtained with an average of 4424.7 and 2036.7 kilogram per hectare in the optimal irrigation treatment and foliar application of micronutrients fertilizer with a concentration of 2 per thousand and salicylic acid with a concentration of 1.5 millimolar, respectively. Water deficit tension decreased total chlorophyll, carotenoid, number of stalks per plant, number of seeds per stalk, one-thousand seed weight, grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield by 14, 28, 20, 17, 27, 42, 42, 14 and 49 percent, respectively. However, foliar application of salicylic acid and micronutrients, while increasing resistance to water deficit tension conditions, could improve plant growth and physiological characteristics, including increasing photosynthetic pigments, provide favorable conditions for better plant growth and by increasing the grain yield components, finally increase the grain yield by 29 percent (1281.5 kilogram per hectare)in non tension conditions and 36 percent (1064.9 kilogram per hectare) in tension conditions. Therefore, a triple fertimix micronutrient fertilizer (iron + zinc + manganese) with a concentration of 2 per thousand is recommended along with a concentration of 1.5 millimolar of salicylic acid to reduce the negative effects of water deficit tension and achieving acceptable yield.

In order to investigate the effect of effect of date and depth of tuber cultivation on some agronomic traits of potato cultivars in autumn and spring cultivations, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station during the two cropping year 2017-2018. Planting date as the main-factor at three levels (10 Novomber, 10 December and 10 May) and a combination of four potato cultivars (Esprite, Marfona, Savalan and Agria) and four planting depths (10,15,20 and 25 centimeters) as a sub-factor was considered. The results of the investigated traits showed that the height of all four cultivars was significant on average 68 centimeters on the planting date of December and they were at the highest plant height. The highest average number of main stems (4 stems) during two years was observed in November planting date. Savalan cultivar with 9 tubers per plant had the highest number   in November cultivation at a depth of 10 and 15 centimeters. On 10 May planting date, Marfona cultivar had the highest tuber weight (on average with 675 grams) per plant in four planting depths. Single stem in plants is not a desirable trait. In Marfona cultivar, it was three in November and in single-stemmed plants in December, it was less than in November and May. The highest water use efficiency was observed in the cultivar of Sprite in 10, 15 and 25 depths in November and December planting dates. The highest tuber yield was in planting date May compared to two planting dates November and December. The Marfona cultivar at four sowing depths in May planting date 35.86, 32.39, 27.45 and 25.02 ton per hectare, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that autumn cultivation of potato is suitable, especially in areas with water shortages. The highest water use efficiency in autumn cultivation at depths of 10, 15 and 25 centimeters was related to Esprit cultivar.

In order to investigate the effect of methanol on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, some compatible osmolytes and biochemical traits of wheat under cut off irrigation conditions, the present experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, during 2015-2016 cropping year. The investigated factors were included irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, cut off irrigation in 50 percent of spike stage and cut off irrigation in 50 percent of the booting stage (pregnancy) as mild and sever water restriction, respectively; according to codes 55 and 43 of the BBCH scale) and methanol foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control and foliar application 10, 20 and 30 percent by volume of methanol). The results showed that foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol under full irrigation conditions increased 42.83, 36.01, 29.69, 57.93 and 49.98 percent of chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, protein percentage and grain yield and decreased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content 75.58 and 63.77 percent, respectively; in comparison with non-foliar application under cut off irrigation at the booting stage. Foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol under cut off irrigation conditions in booting stage increased proline and soluble sugars content (125.42 and 91.93 percent, respectively) in comparison with non-foliar application of methanol under full irrigation conditions. Also, foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol under full irrigation conditions decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase). It seems that foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol can increase grain yield of wheat under cut off irrigation conditions due to improving biochemical traits.

In order to investigate the analysis of growth indices and morphophysiological traits of rice, an experiment in the form of statistical split plots design with three levels of irrigation and six foliar application with three replications was conducted at Deputy of Rice Research Institute (Mazandaran- Amol) in 2017. By measuring the total dry weight and leaf area six times during rice growth, the trend of changes in growth indices was plotted by functional method relative to the day after transplanting. The results showed that the irrigation factor was significant in terms of paddy yield, biological yield and plant height at the level of one percent probability and in terms of the number of fertile tillers at the level of five percent. Fertilizer factor was not significant in any of the investigated traits. Irrigation and fertilizer interaction was significant in terms of paddy yield at five percent probability level and biological yield at one percent probability level.The highest yield of paddy with an average of 7284 kilogram per hectare and the lowest with an average of 4690 kilogram per hectare were related to submerged irrigation under nitrogen + potassium foliar application conditions and alternating drought and moisture irrigation under normal water foliar application conditions. The highest leaf area index in saturated irrigation was obtained at the rate of (5.27) and the lowest was related to alternating drought and moisture irrigation treatment at the rate of (4.17) in Keshvari cultivar. Therefore, considering the achievement of maximum leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate in saturated irrigation, it can be suggested among rice irrigation methods as a superior option under similar conditions to the present study.