نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 58 (بهار 1399)

The inadequacy of comprehensive urban plans in dealing with the evolution of urban areas in recent decades provides the basis for the emergence of a new model in urban planning in Iran, called strategic planning. Strategic planning that, if the total conditions for success were available, could have been the solution to many of our problems in urban planning and management. However, the most crucial issue after strategic planning is the discussion of “Implementation,” which is undoubtedly the major challenge that managers face it in urban management. A problem that typically goes back to the implementation of strategies. Therefore, it is essential to discuss the causes and obstacles that lead to a miserable conclusion of strategic planning and why strategic plans are not implemented successfully, and what are the obstacles to its implementation? The purpose of this study is to identify the causes and obstacles that prevent the proper implementation of the Comprehensive Strategic Plan of Tehran.

This research is based on a symbolic paradigm using the Classic Grounded Theory Strategy. The type of research is from the perspective of the primary practical developmental orientation, from the perspective of exploratory purpose and the perspective of qualitative and inductive approach. The statistical population of this research is urban management experts who have been semi-structured interviews with them through theoretical sampling and up to theoretical saturation point. The data are categorized by open coding, axial, and theoretical, and finally, the final model of research is presented.

The final model of this study states that the barriers to the implementation of the Strategic Master Plan of Tehran fall into three general categories: Predominant Barriers, Intraoperative Barriers, and Post-Barrier Barriers, each of which has distinct categories and sub-categories.

Failure to fulfill the objectives of the Strategic Master Plan of Tehran and incomplete and inefficient implementation of these plans is not only due to the weaknesses of executors but also obstacles to the implementation of this complex, multiple and related plan before, during and after the planning and a series of causes and factors. Interconnectedness prevents the realization of the goals foreseen in these projects.

 It was from the middle of the Safavid period that Western thought and culture penetrated the traditional Persian world. The development of relations between Iran and the Western world, the transformation of power structures, the return of graduates from Europe, the presence of European archaeologists and architects, modernist, nationalistic, and militaristic tendencies of Reza Shah and more have led to dramatic changes in lifestyle and, consequently, the architecture of houses. The study mainly seeks to identify the effects of lifestyle changes during the transition period (late Qajar period and Pahlavi I period) on the architecture of houses in Mashhad. According to the above purpose, the main question is, “How has the change in lifestyle of people affected the architecture and decorations of Mashhad houses?” The methodological approach of the research is positivist and both historical and analytical descriptive methods have been used. Data is provided by both documentary and fieldwork. According to some criteria, from a total of more than 70 historical houses identified in Mashhad, 25 houses (more than %30 of the statistical population) have been selected as samples; 10 residential houses of the Qajar period (including Balkhāst (demolished), Tavakoli, Darougheh, Ghafouri, Amiri, Hanāsāb (demolished), Dāvoudi, Rahimian, Malek and Nazeran) and 10 houses of the Pahlavi I period (including Barati, Bani Hashemi, Behzadian, Tamadoni, Tavakoli zadeh, Rajaee, Salari, Sarvghad, Talaee, Mojtahed zadeh, Majidian, Mousavi Parishani, Talat Mousavi, Molavi, Mirza Nazer). Research findings show that: - In Qajar period, %70 and in Pahlavid era %80 of the houses were built with two floors, and the construction of the basement for habitation was not so common; - %100 of Qajar houses have introvert patterns, while %40 of the houses in the Pahlavi I period are completely extrovert and partly extrovert; - The semi-open space is seen in four Qajar houses and six houses of Pahlavi I; - The entrance of all Qajar samples is indirect, whereas in four houses of Reza Shah era the entrance is connected to the yard directly and without intermediary; - Most Qajar houses in Mashhad lacked magnificent decorations, and the insignificant amount of decorations was sharply reduced during the Pahlavi I era. The results of the research show that the political, social and cultural changes in Mashhad – which caused significant changes in the lifestyle of the people – were also influential in the architecture of houses in a short period of time. Even the existence of a powerful element such as religion could not keep Mashhad away from the major social changes – which were taking place throughout the country. Forcing the hijab to subjugate left the element of privacy in the home ignored. The formation of new military and civil classes brought about a diminished social justice, resulting in the emergence of large, medium-sized and small-scale houses. The systematic unification of all appearances of civilization (from dress to architecture, etc.) took the citizens’ choice and put an end to the decorations which were an important part of the architecture in Iranian homes. 

Religious places as attraction destination for urban, religion and national tourism and journeys that is Iranian Islamic pattern in improvement cities and religions. Also sustainable urban development approach, emphasis on usage cultural, social, economic and pgisical contexts. Imamzadegan Shrine are such as main attractive religious tourism in Iranian cities that usually have different spaces and attractions. Aran va Bidgol is a religious city that has cultural and social contexts via three Imamzadeh Shrine specially Imamzadeh Helal-ebn-e-Ali. The aim of this paper is explanation important of religious tourism as Iranian Islamic pattern approaching sustainable urban development for religious cities such as Aran va Bidgol city. This research is used the analytical and historical research method with qualitative approach and is done documental studies, citizen’s cognitive map extraction techniques. Aran va Bidgol city with different Imamzadeh shrines, such as Imamzadeh Helal-ebn-e-Ali, Imamzadeh Hashem, Imamzadeh Ghasem that can be planned as destination for religious tourists. This approach is needs for infrastructures, utilities, services and other tourism Essentials.

The relationships between cities and villages and their quality and quantity affect the physical formation of the rural settlements as well as their internal and external relationships in different ways, so that gradual expansion of the city body to the surrounding or the cities infringement to the lands surrounding the villages resulted in providing a suitable ground for regional development or creating imbalance between the city and village, followed by the lack of appropriate regional development. This trend can be also seen in Abbasa village in Noor city. Therefore, the present study aims to answer the question of how development of Noor city towards Abbasa village has changed its physical structure and through what factors these changes have been made. This is a descriptive-analytical survey. Thus, 334 participants were questioned through random sampling. After collecting field data through questionnaire, statistical data were analyzed by hierarchical analysis and path analysis using AMOS and Expert Choice software. It was found that among 16 indices evaluated for economic development, social development, and cultural development in Abbasa village, the Rural Land Use Change Index with the highest total weight score (0.198) and two indices of security and the level of satisfaction with the housing with the lowest score (0.013) affected physical changes in Abbasa village. The results obtained from the path analysis also indicated that among the three factors of urban development, economic development factor with total impact factor of 0.713 had the greatest effect on the physical structure changes in Abbasa village, followed by cultural development with total impact factor of 0.528 and social development with an impact factor of 0.404, which affected physical changes of the village

Facade is one of the most effective elements on the visual quality of the city which makes a part of the landscape, but it has become one of the most important chal - lenges in iranian cities due to the disorder and chaos. In spite of the explanation of the problem in some academic circles and also the concerns of urban managers in last decade, the facades are still chaotic. The reason could be found at our point of view and the answer is not limited in the physical dimensions. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the visual characteristics and effective factors of the of urban facades formation in order to determine a conceptual model of its effective factors. The irst step is to study the evolution of urban facades in the recent century; Ghajar, Pahlavi and the Islamic republic periods. These factors have been investigated and analyzed by deep interviews with experts, people’s ideas through questionnaire and study of relevant documents. After all these analysis, the three main components of the facade including identity, morality and beauty and on the other hand two other factors including stockholders and time-place related conditions are identiied as effective factors on urban facades in each mentioned period. In conclusion, some solutions to improve urban facades including: 1- Urban and architecture education, 2- Urban management, 3- Public awareness, 4- Urban documents and laws have been explained

The overall aim of this study was to investigate the challenges faced by Dehyaries in modern rural management. The statistical population of this study was rural Dehyaries and residents of villages in the cosku county (N = 40752). The sample size of the rural population was 220 people that selected by using the Cochran sampling formula, and for the Dehyaries population, were 22 people that selected for study. To analyze the data, Fuzzy Hierarchy (FAHP), GIS and SPSS software were used for single-sample t-test. The results of fuzzy hierarchical analysis results from the Dehyaries questionnaire show that the most important challenges for Dehyaries in the modern rural management were economic, administrative, infrastructural, legal, educational, specialized and social order, but from the villagers’ point of view the most important The challenges included economic, supportive, legal, educational and specialized, management, infrastructure and social. The results also showed that there is no agreement between the Dehyaries and local communities in the sub-section of the Challenges. The results of this research for effective management of rural communities can be used by rural development managers to adopt important policies in this field

The establishment of new towns in Iran has been begun as one of the main urban development pol- icies to lead the overflow of metropolitan populations, prevent the development of marginalization, environmental pollution, and the adjustment of the new towns have been housing price, and So far, 30 located and 18 towns become operational. Urbanism of new towns in all aspects is prior to urbanization. But the truth is that after three decades, the expectations of experts, people and authorities have not been met and there are critical points. Organizational and institutional complicated relationships and multiple actors with heterogeneous capacities and conflicts about management have faced these expectations with serious challenges. Management of these disputes requires an explanation of the components of a coherent urban management pattern in new towns. This research seeks to identify the components of a coherent urban management pattern in new Iranian towns. The methods of research are qualitative content analysis and Fuzzy Delphi method. As a result, three macro components were identified to explain the integrated urban management model in the new Iranian towns:”Strategic policy making for Sublimity in new towns”, “Development of Management and Organizational Integration” and “Service Development”. For each of these macro components, the micro components and their sub- .categories were also identified

The townscape plays a very important role in the lives of citizens as a crystallized aspect of the economic, political, social and cultural relations of cities. Unfortunately, today, townscapes are facing serious problems, which are often caused by the construction of new facades without considering the coordination and coherence with the existing facades in the context. The city of Dezful, under the influence of the construction of new facades in the historical context of the city, has created an unsightly visual complex. As the architecture of the past is gradually being removed from the image of cities. So much so that the values of past architecture are gradually being removed from the image of cities. Now, what is necessary in this situation is the existence of design documents and rules that have been collected from context and by using them, we can create coherent urban facades in our urban spaces. thus reducing as much as possible heterogeneity and undesirable visual contradictions. One of the documents that is compiled regardi n g urban facades is the urban design guidelines that has been used in this research. The research method is desc r iptive-analytical. The collection of concepts and definitions has been done through library studies and for analysis, field photography, archive of images of cultural heritage of Dezful city and questionnaire have been used.