پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 95 (تابستان 1399)

In the knowledge - based economy, intangible assets play a pivotal role in the success of the company in achieving goals. the purpose of this study is to rank intangible assets and then offer a model for valuation of brand as one of the most important of these assets in accordance with the conditions of the iranian stock exchange. The present study is the post-occurrence type and developmental in terms of purpose. The sample included 81 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange from 1391 to 1395. The model applied to this study to rank,is Group AHP and for brand valuation is combination of the intrinsic value model of the company using a three - step cash discount model and the price model derived from the Damodaran model(2007). The results show that in the Tehran stock Exchange, intangible assets related to marketing, contract, technology, consumer and art were given priority. In addition, the brand value can be base on earning per share and financial parametrs of the company, according to the conditions of the Tehran Stock Market.

With increasing activity of E-Commerce Businesses and growth of their market share, the likelihood of anti-competitive practices by some of these businesses or the claim of anti-competitive procedures by competitors or other individuals will increase. In this situation, due to special considerations of the e-commerce field and its emergence in Iran, applying the rules of Antitrust Law, will face new challenges. In this regard, the Competitiveness Council, as the supreme entity for facilitating competition and prohibition of monopoly, made important decisions at its 306th session, which, of course, has been criticized. The present article, seeks to by showing the legal basis for the competence of the Competitiveness Council, on the one hand, review the competence of competitiveness Council to investigate the TNCs anti-competitive procedures, and on the other hand, to consider the contents of the Council's decision in terms of such matters as determining the Relevant Market, Predatory Pricing and Legal Exemptions.

The importance of Currant account and the factors affecting it is one of the most important elements of international trade, which has always been the concern of economists. In general, the main objective of each country's economy is sustainable development, in the sense of internal and external equilibrium. Therefore, given the interplay between the internal and external sectors, any economic policy should be taken in conjunction with this relationship. Given the importance of current account equilibrium in determining the level of national income and employment, as well as in the process of growth and accumulation of capital, developing and developed countries have chosen a different policy and strategy to deal with the limitations of current account. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of income inequality and economic growth  on the current account balance (With oil) Iran  using VAR and direct response functions (IRF) and analysis of variance (VD) over time (1979-2016). The variables used in this paper to estimate the model include the current account balance, with the Gini coefficient as the indicator of the inequality of income and Economic growth at constant prices. The results of the research findings during the review period show that the positive shock to improving the income inequality has a negative effect on Iran's current account and the positive shock of increasing economic growth has a positive effect.

Due to the fact that the stock exchange market has gotten complexities and considerations on the ground of its specific characteristics, the legislators usually put forward a distinct mechanism for inscribed stock transactions which emphasizes the necessity of investigation about the legal statute with economic analysis of securities transactions concluded beyond the rules and disciplines. What we seek to substantiate is the necessity of elimination of the private law’s principles regards to freedom of will and also exertion of general principles of law of contract alongside with its economic analysis of inscribed stock transactions. Our main inquiry is whether a  legislator’s withdrawal from exertion of consensual principle to contracts plus exercising the sanction of nullity towards these transactions concluded outside of the stock exchange market is consistent with the fundamentals of Iranian contract law and economic principles or not, Furthermore, should we spread such invalidity to online contracts? The hypothesis is that the invalidity of such contracts is compatible with our legal and economic principles, and in addition, there is no difference between the physical and virtual environment.

Nowadays, achieving a significant share of global coherent markets, increasing the volume of international exchanges, and overtaking competitors will depend on the production and export of high quality, an elite, expert, and efficient human capital is one of the key variables in determining the competitiveness of export products of countries. For this reason, in recent decades a significant portion of the resources and facilities of developing countries has been spent on training human resources, but when these countries need it the exploitation of these skilled forces is confronted with the phenomenon of emigration of elites. In the meanwhile, countries with a deep gulf of technology with developed countries and a serious vacuum will be faced with the share of products based on superior technology from total exports and, ultimately, the sluggish development process. Therefore, the present study examines direct and indirect effect of brain drain on the high- tech products exports in the Selected Countries of the MENA Region during the period 2005 to 2015 with the data panel approach and the estimated method coincidence equations. The findings from the estimation of the general equation of high-tech products exports in select countries show that the effect of elite emigration on the export of high technology products is negative and significant. Also, entrepreneurial, share of information communication technology of GDP and economic complexity index have a positive and significant relationship. It is worth noting that the indirect effect of elite emigration on high technology.

Developing gas supply in line with the policy of replacing natural gas with other fossil fuels and liberalizing natural gas prices as a price policy to optimize consumption. The need to study the resilience of the natural gas distribution system is more evident. this study aims to investigate the effects of the liberation of gas price on the gas distribution system. so, first, Lyapunov power has been computed based on the gas consumption in the residential sector between 2005 and 2017. In the next step, model was estimated using Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) method, by using the Johansen-Uuselus Coincidence Method and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the relationship between the price of natural gas and the volatility of the Iranian gas distribution system has been investigated. based on (IRF) shows that in the short run, the Lipanov view is reduced and then increased and its effect is fixed in the long run. based on the (VDCs) shows that the price of natural gas in the short run is more contributing to the explanation of the prediction error of the Lyapunov view, but in the long run its share decreases. Moreover, the momentum resulted from the real gas price to the Lyapunov power variable as the resilience index of the gas distribution system shows that Lyapunov power will decrease in consequent periods and the resilience will increase.

Attracting tourists from other countries is one of the exporting solutions. The main purpose of this paper is to find out the reasons of Azerbaijani tourist reduction and tourism economics of Tabriz by using the system dynamics, creating dynamical model and studying 1390 to 1400 SH period. Considering Azerbaijan country, the "value of the Azerbaijan’s money" and "Azerbaijan tourist population" are selected as key variables. Results indicate that exchanging rate of Manat was high at studied years, but also lack of monitoring at observer organizations had a destructive effect on purchasing power of Azerbaijani tourists because prices in market was 3 time more than real. This action will cause reduction of tourist population and then because of exponential structure in loop, it caused reduction at exchange rate of Manat so that second destructive action will happen. This indicates that to stabilize the tourist presence at any time, it is better that observer organizations oversight maximum pricing level at market and take hard on it to keep prices level at same level as inner markets. It should be noted that the coefficient of determination for the exchange rate is 0.85 and for the decreased amount of tourist is 0.87, which indicates good fit of the model.

One of the most important features of transportation efficiency is Reliability. Despite the risks that threaten a safe shipping in different parts, insurance can cover risks and increase reliability in this area. Insurance companies, for various reasons, including pricing correctly and avoiding irrational risks, tend to have an appropriate image of risk factors. In this study, marine shipping insurance has been investigated and it the factors influencing the risk of occurrence in the maritime transport sector and rated has been identified. Initially, risk factors were identified through prior studies, questionnaires and supplementary interviews with experts such as transport insurance managers, damage assessors and captains. Then DEMATEL method is used to identify the internal relations and the dependence of the criteria and the analytic network process (ANP) to find the weight of the criteria and the final ranking of the effective factors. Also, to take into account the uncertainty in decision making, fuzzy theory has been used. The proposed framework for identifying, ranking and prioritizing the risk factors in the shipping sector in the field of maritime shipping insurance can help insurance companies to make accurate decisions about covering these risks effectively.

Today, in supply chain, we are faced with new approaches that address environmental, social and economic considerations, which complicates most of its issues, and in particular the field of inventory management. One of these approaches is a sustainability approach. The current research considers a sustainable inventory problem in which lead time demand is a random variable. Also, distribution function is unknown and its mean and Variance is defined. This research applies min-max approach to solve this problem and uses Scarf’s bound to optimize the problem function for the worst case (worst demand distribution function). The results of optimization for considered problem showed that sustainability dimensions has an important role in determination of EOQ, also, suitable transportation equipment for transferring orders and ultimately total costs of a system. So, because of attaining to environmental costs, in the farther distances, as the distance between ordering point and order supply increases, the transportation equipment selects one in which consumes lower energy and it increases ordering size.