فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 45، زمستان 1398)

Nowadays, a large number of antifungal drugs are produced in the world, but the main issue of drug resistance to these treatments is BASHDV, therefore, new findings or materials that have antifungal effect have always been considered for researchers in different fields.Therefore, this study the antifungal effects of celery extract on the yeast fungi of Candida albicans, Dermatophyte (Trichophyton rubrum) and sproblons (Aspergillus flavus) have been investigated in laboratory conditions. In this experimental study, watey and alcoholic extracts of celery were prepared by maceration method.Antifungal activity of alcoholic and watery extract of the celery plant was evaluated using application diffusion in disk and well diffusion for 3 types of Aspergillus flavus, Trichophyton, and Candida albicans with three replications. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MFC) by Microdilishin method were determined. The results were analyzed using one-way anova. The results showed that the alcoholic extract of the celery plant in comparison with the watery extract has a more inhibitory effect on the laboratory conditions. As a result, the alcoholic extract of the celery plant has a greater antifungal effect.

In plants for more grain production, it is possible to use manual pollination in the absence of enough natural pollination. In pistachio, manual pollination can be a solution to the problem of yield reduction caused by pollen shortage. Here, the viability of several male genotypes and the effectiveness of manual and natural pollination were compared. 21 male genotypes were selected and the pollen size and tube growth were compared in a completely randomized block design. After 2.5 hours of culture, genotypes 13 (53.33%) and 17 (52.56%) had the highest germination rate and genotype 6 (110 μm) showed the highest pollen tube length. After 5 hours, genotype 21 (74.66%) had the highest germination rate and genotype 8 (150 μm) showed the highest tube length. Manual pollination with a mixture of pollen of high quality genotypes (21, 17, 13, 8 and 6) was performed on two female cultivars of Ahmadaghaei and Kaleghoochi and compared with natural pollination as a split plot design. In manual pollination all flowers had pollen, but in natural pollination, 67% of the flowers were free of pollen. The percentage of falling flowers and fruits in natural pollination (85%) was higher than manual pollination (79%) but, the percentage of fruit blankness in manual pollination (20%) was higher than natural pollination (% 1). It is possible that the high pollen density in manual pollination reduced the flowers drop and increased the number of fruits but, due to insufficiency of nutrients, many seeds could not grow, resulting in blank fruit production.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Considering the nutritional value of fungi in traditional medicine and the history of their use in the treatment of various cancers, modern methods of treating cancer were studied using fungal products, especially polysaccharides. The antitumor activity of fungal polysaccharides is directly related to the stimulation of the immune system. These polysaccharides damage the free radicals and inhibit the growth of cancer cells by altering the function of macrophages, stimulating the production of anti-cancer antibodies and increasing nitric oxide and cytokines production. Despite extensive research on the therapeutic effects of fungal polysaccharides, further research is needed to identify their chemical structure, especially in purification methods. Fungal polysaccharides, in features such as linkage type, the degree of branching, molecular weight and solubility are different. The growth conditions of the fungal species, including the compositions of the culture medium, temperature, pH and type of bioreactor, affect the yield of polysaccharide and its monosaccharide composition. Polysaccharide extraction methods, drying, purification, and chemical modification can change the structural properties of polysaccharide, including linkage type, the degree of branching, uronic acid content, protein content, and solubility. Structural differences in fungal polysaccharides have been shown to lead to differences in antioxidant activity, anti-proliferation, and immune stimulation. Therefore, by investigating the chemical structure of fungal polysaccharides, it can be targeted to the production of polysaccharides for the treatment of cancer.

Polyhydroxyalkanates are a group of polymers that are produced by many bacteria when they enter the growing phase in the presence of mineral sources. The Objective of this study is investigattion of the different culture containing carbon sources of glucose, sucrose, lactose, combination of these carbon sources, on the growth of Alcaligenes eutrophus to produce biodegradable polymers of hydroxy butyrate-valerate. Materials &

In this study Alcaligenes eutrophus was identified In order to producing of hydroxybutyrate-valerate and investigation of the effect of the different carbon sources on the production. To perform experiments, in fed-batch mode, acetic acid and propionic acid combination with acetic acid as a source of volatile fatty acid was added to the culture in a stepwise manner. The culture with inoculated bacteri were transferred to incubator at 32°C, 120 rpm and retention time of 72 hours, for to incubation and polymer production.

The results of this study showed that the source of glucose as carbon with acetic acid produced the highest amount of hydroxybutyrate-valerate (HB= 3.4860 g/l and HV=0.7940 g/l). Also, the lowest amount of hydroxybutyrate production (HB= 2.3124 g/l) is Because of using sucrose as the carbon source and the combination of acetic acid and propionic acid.

The results showed that Alcaligenes eutrophus used carbon source of glucose and fatty acid source of acetic acid more than other sources of carbon

Pelargonium graveolens L′Her is an aromatic and medicinal plant that is widely used in pharmaceutical, perfumery and food industry. Ultraviolet radiation has many effects on plants and can cause many morphological and physiological changes that often decreased plant growth. In this study to investigate the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the anatomical structure of different organs of P.graveolens, the plant cuttings were exposed to different intensities of ultraviolet radiation -B (0, 0.12, 0.26 , 0.38 W/m2). The structure of leaves, stem, petiole and root of the plants were studied by light microscope. The results indicated that with increasing UV radiation, leaf thickness decreased and the size petiole thickness increased. Maximum level of the central vascular bundle diameter of petiole and stem were seen in high UV-B intensity treatment. Also results showed in petiole and stem of treated plants, parenchyma thickness decreased and the area of the stele increased by enhancing UV radiation intensity. However, in all treatments, the root structure was not affected. Considering alteration in results, it seems that shoots anatomy were affected by UV-B radiation especially in higher dose, but this radiation had no effect on root structure.

Ovarian cancer is the most common cancer among women that some environmental and genetic factors contribute to this cancer. The data show that somatic changes in pik3cA through mutation or enhancement of gene are quite common in ovarian cancer with 30.5% of mutation or internal changes or other changes. In this study, the association of pik3cA (rs7630662) polymorphism gene associated with ovarian cancer was studied.

In this study, the polymorphism of pik3cA (rs7640662) gene was studied in 70 women with ovarian cancer and 70 healthy women in East Azerbaijan province by PCR-ARMZ method.

In this study, Chi-square statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between healthy population and unhealthy group in terms of abundance (p=0/128), which indicated that there is no correlation between this site and incidence of ovarian cancer.

The results of this study showed that the polymorphism of pik3cA gene is not associated with ovarian cancer.

With the increasing use of herbs in natural treatments, this branch of complementary medicine has found a special place in the treatment of diseases. Herbal medicine in diseases and especially infectious diseases has improved in recent years. The antimicrobial and antifungal and anti-cancer effects of these plants in Iran have been the source of many researches and at the end, this research can lead to self-sufficiency in the country's pharmaceutical industry. Among these plants, could be considered to broccoli with medicinal and many antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Broccoli with scientific name. Brassica oleracea L is a member of the Brassicaceae cabbage family. The important thing about the impact of this plant is its climatic condition, which will be effective on its anatomical structure which is an important goal of this research. In this study, specimens of two Different Climates from Arak and Theran was perepared then The broccoli vegetative and reproductive organs were cut and fixied in 90% Ethanol alcohol fixatin. Then After the preparatory steps, including cleaning and washing,stained and were studied by photomicroscope. Interestingly, with regard to the tissues resistant to this plant, climate change has had no effect on broccoli. Only the amount of leaf parenchyma and number of vessels in The petiole, leaf, stem and anther organs were effective. Finally, it can be concluded that due to the resistance of this plant, it can be used in different climates without worrying about changing its properties to the use of this plant for medicinal purposes.