نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

Tooth decay is one of the most essential and costly diseases globally, which is caused by the formation of biofilms by various bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic antibacterial effect of Rosmarinus officinalis and Eugenia caryophyllataon inhibiting the growth and biofilm obtained of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria.

Rosmarinus officinalis and Eugenia caryophyllata were extracted by methanol solvent by maceration method and drying. Antibacterial properties were studied by disc, well diffusion, and biofilm formation measurement.

Analysis of the results in disc and well method showed that 100mg/ml concentration of Eugenia caryophyllata had the most potent antibacterial effect among different concentrations and the Streptococcus mutans was more sensitive than Streptococcus sanguinis. Measurements of biofilm formation also showed that only 100mg/ml and 80mg/ml concentrations of Eugenia caryophyllata could inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm. None of the extracts were able to inhibit the biofilm from Streptococcus sanguinis.

100mg/ml concentration of Eugenia caryophyllata has a similar or more antibacterial effect than commercial chlorhexidine mouthwash and can be considered for future research to make an herbal mouthwash.

Preterm delivery is one of the essential midwifery problems, which causes a large proportion of infant mortality even in advanced societies. Despite advances in pregnancy care, the frequency of preterm delivery has not decreased. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium level with preterm labor in pregnant women.

In this descriptive-analytic study, 40 mothers with full-term and 40 mothers with preterm labor were enrolled. Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were compared and compared. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using statistical tests. The significance level was considered 0.05.

In the present study, mean (standard deviation) serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels respectively were 8.65 (0.72), 3.65 (0.57), and 1.89 (0.47). It was reported mmol / l and in mothers with term labor 8.8 (0.55), 3.53 (0.71) and 1.79 (0.17) mmol / lit, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the salts.

The results of our study showed no difference in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the two groups of women with the term and preterm labor. However, further studies with a higher sample size are needed.

Adverse drug reactions are a significant concern for healthcare systems. Drug adverse reactions negatively affect the patients’ health and quality of life and impose a heavy economic burden on the health system. Under-reporting of adverse responses is one of the problems in this field, mainly caused by insufficient knowledge or inappropriate medical staff practice. The present study was designed to assess medical studentschr('39') knowledge and practice (residents and interns) about reporting adverse drug reactions. (ADR).

This cross-sectional study was conducted on Mashhad University of medical sciences residents and interns in 2019. The researchers developed a questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge and practice concerning ADR reporting. The data was analyzed by SPSS V.16.

Based on the 264 completed questionnaires, all medical residents and students had little information about ADR reporting. Only 12.9% had a history of ADR reporting, and 25.4% had seen the ADR reporting forms.

Based on the information obtained, increasing studentschr('39') knowledge in this field is of great importance, and it’s necessary to provide them with relevant educational materials.

One of the most common problems in marriage is Marital burnout and Conflict, which, due to the devastating effects on couples and family members, is considered necessary by family counselors and therapists. This study aims at addressing the Early Maladaptive Schemas in Female Nurseschr('39') Marital Conflict and Burnout.

It is correlational research. The target population includes all Female Nurses employed in hospitals in Zahedan during 96-97. One hundred nurses were selected via an available sampling method and completed Youngchr('39')s Schemas Questionnaire and Marital Burnout and Conflicts scale. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and graded Multivariate Regression method.

Results indicates that Early Maladaptive Schemas of emotional deprivation (P = 0.01), mistrust/ abuse (P < 0.001), social isolation/ alienation (P < 0.001), defectiveness/ shame (P < 0.001), failure (P < 0.001), dependence/ incompetence (P < 0.001), vulnerability to harm or illness (P < 0.001), enmeshment self (P < 0.001), subjugation (P < 0.001), emotional inhibition (P < 0.003), self-discipline (P < 0.001) were positively related to Marital Conflicts. Also, emotional deprivation (P = 0.01), mistrust/ abuse (P < 0.005), social isolation/ alienation (P < 0.02), failure (P < 0.03), dependence/ incompetence (P < 0.03), vulnerability to harm or illness (P < 0.009), subjugation (P < 0.02), self- sacrifice (P < 0.007), emotional inhibition (P < 0.001), unrelenting standards (P < 0.02), entitlement (P < 0.02), self-discipline (P < 0.02) were positively related to Marital Burnout.

According to research findings, Early Maladaptive Schemas are positively related to Marital Conflicts and Marital Burnout and predict them. Hence, it is recommended to analyze the Early Maladaptive Schemas and offer tips to promote them to reduce Marital Conflicts and Burnout.

Endothelin 1, which is secreted by vascular endothelial cells, has been identified as the most potent vasoconstrictor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of endothelin-1 plasma resistance training and its relationship with blood pressure in older men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elderly men (mean age 62.28 ± 8.08 years, height 170 ± 6.85 cm, weight 76 ± 12.09 kg, body mass index 26.30 ± 4.12 kg/M2, and WHR 0.92 ± 0.4) were purposively selected and randomly divided into two groups of control (N = 15) and experimental (N = 15). Plasma levels of endothelin-1, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before and after eight weeks of exercise. An independent t-test was used to examine intra-group differences and inter-group differences, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between endothelin-1 and blood pressure. The significance level was considered less than 0.05.

This study showed that eight weeks of resistance training significantly reduced the plasma levels of endothelin 1 in older men (P = 0.002). Also, eight weeks of resistance training significantly reduced the systolic blood pressure of older men (P = 0.001), but the decrease in diastolic blood pressure was not significant (P = 0.082). There was a direct and significant correlation between the concentration of endothelin one and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.0510, R = 0.019). However, no correlation was observed between endothelin 1 concentration and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.375, R = 0.055).

According to the research results, eight weeks of resistance training seems to be associated with decreased plasma levels of endothelin one and a decrease in blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure. Therefore, it seems that a resistance training course according to the present study protocol can be useful in lowering blood pressure following endometrial plasma levels as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and hypertension in older men.

The family plays a crucial role in supporting vulnerable older adults and is considered an essential but hidden element in the health care system. This study determined the relationship between psychological, social, and educational needs with general health among informal (family) caregivers of the elderly with dementia.

In this descriptive correlational study, among all the informal caregivers of patients with dementia who went to the clinic of the Alzheimerchr('39')s Association of Iran to receive services, 135 people were selected as a research sample based on the desired criteria with the census method. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Carerschr('39') Needs Assessment for Dementia (CNA-D), and the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were used to gather the required data. Data analysis was completed through SPSS-18 and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The mean age of caregivers was 48.8±9.43 years, and the mean length of care for the elderly was 4±3.31 years. Findings showed that there is not a significant relationship between general health and psychological needs of dementia careers. However, social and educational needs had significant relationships with the anxiety subscale of public health.

The burden of caring for the elderly and not paying attention to the psychological, social, and educational needs of caregivers affect all aspects of caregiverschr('39') general health. Educational interventions to reduce stress and provide appropriate training to caregivers improve the quality of care for the elderly with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease.

In addition to formal and explicit curriculum, we have another type of curriculum that is called hidden or implicit curriculum, and has various positive or negative effects and consequences on our learnerschr('39') attitudes, behaviors, behaviors, and personalities. There are many definitions of hidden curriculum structure and its dimensions, but there is still no theoretical agreement on it. This study aimed to determine the different dimensions of hidden curriculum and its role in medical education.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the literature inside and outside the databases; CINHAL ،MEDLINE ،Web of Sciences ،Google Scholar ، Ovid ،Iran Medex ،Magiran ،SID and The search was done keywords related to the hidden curriculum; "tacit curriculum”, “hidden curriculum”, “Informal curriculum”, “medical education” without time and with the logical operators AND, OR, NOT, and few studies were found in the field of medical education. The study reviewed studies by 2020 and was excluded unrelated or full-text articles.

The hidden curriculum from different perspectives came with many different definitions. Experts have taken note of each particular angle. In this respect, numerous approaches and theories have emerged from the hidden curriculum. From these theories, nature theory, dimensional theory, factor theory, and consequence theory were discussed.

So we believe that the university should ideally incorporate a hidden curriculum for education; develop a spirit of thinking and research, fairness and respect for scientific facts, interest in research and problem solving, training of thoughtful and divergent minds, respect for science. Strive for the sake of science itself, not for profit purposes, nurturing creative human beings, understanding the need for lifelong learning, reinforcing scientific identity and central ethics in academia.

Increased risk of infections in surgeries suggests the importance of hand hygiene by the operating room staff. This study was conducted to compare surgical scrubchr('39')s effects with alcohol-based solutions and povidone-iodine on the growth of the bacterial contamination of hands over time.

The present study is an experimental study with a crossover design. The participants of the study were 30 undergraduate students who were eligible to participate in the study. They were divided into two groups of 15; one group scrubbed their hands with povidone-iodine, and the other hand rub with Decocept alcohol-based soluble. After a week, the groups changed the scrubbing procedures. Samples were taken from inside the gloves before scrubbing and 10 and 30 minutes after scrubbing. The models were cultured in blood agar and EMB agar media.

Staphylococcus epidermidis had the highest colony growth, followed by Streptococcus pyogenes, Diphtheroid, and Staphylococcus in descending order. Comparing the results of cultures for the two groups of Povidone-iodine and Alcohol-based soluble did not show any significant difference (P = 0/243).

Alcohol-based soluble has similar effects with Povidone-iodine on the growth of bacteria. Given that Alcohol-based solutions like Decosept have fewer side effects and are more effective, Decosept is recommended to be used as an alternative to 7.5% Povidone-iodine.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nerve system (CNS), which leads to large focal lesions in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, characterized by primary demyelination with a variable extent of axonal loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8- week resistance training on balance, fatigue, and muscle strength in women with multiple sclerosis.

To this end, 24 women with MS were randomly- purposefuly assigned to the exercise( N = 12, Age = 36,83 ± 2,75,Weight = 68,42 ± 5,10 Kg, EDSS = 3,25 ± 0,80) and control(N = 12, Age = 34,91 ± 5,10, Weight = 64,71 ± 3,70 Kg, EDSS = 3,00 ± 0,90) groups. Exercise group carried out an 8- week resistance exercise program for 45 to 60 min 3 times/week, but Control group did not have any regular physical activity. Berg Balance Scale was used to assess the balance. In addition, Fatigue Impact Scale questionnaire and Motricity Index were used to evaluate fatigue and muscle strength of the two groups before and after training. Data were analayzed by covariance test with SPSS software at (P < 0.05).

According to the results, performing eight weeks of resistance training was associated with a significant increase in balance (P=0.000), upper body muscle strength (P=0.000), lower body muscle strength (P=0.000), and a significant decrease in fatigue (P=0.000).

In general, performing resistance training is beneficial for women with MS and can improve functional indices (balance, muscle strength, and fatigue) in these patients. Therefore, these exercises are recommended as a part of the rehabilitation program to improve these patients.

Unilateral USA sanctions have had many negative consequences for the Islamic Republic of Iran in political, economic, and cultural sectors. Iranchr('39')s single-product economy and Iranchr('39')s trade, banking and financial sanctions have increased medicstion cost and shortage, and banking-financial and transportation barriers the supply of medication needed by the country for patients, especially those with certain diseases. The harshest sanctions have been imposed since the united states withdrew from UNHCR, which has hampered the right to health as a fundamental human right. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on patientschr('39') health rights from the post joint comprehensive plan of action period.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. Due to the studychr('39')s relative novelty, the inferential method has been used to obtain more objective data.

The findings indicate that economic sanctions in the post-barjam period have indirectly seriously challenged the right to health, the right to life, the right to access to medicine. With the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus, another problem was added to the previous ones. That was to limit the scope of action and success of the Islamic Republic of Iran to deal effectively and overcome it quickly.

The United States has imposed unilateral economic sanctions on the Islamic Republic of Iran, undermining patientschr('39') right to health regarding access to essential medicines and medical equipment (under the pretext of dual-use in the nuclear and medical industries).

Rhino cerebral mucormycosis is a rapidly progressive, invasive fungal infection most commonly seen in diabetic or immunocompromised individuals. It is thought that the infection originates in the nose and spreads to the orbit through the ethmoidal sinuses after the lamina papyrus corrosion then the infection passes from the orbital apex to the cavernous sinus and the brain.

Given the low prevalence of immunosuppressive infectious diseases, their diagnostic and therapeutic problems, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of patients with mucormycosis in terms of their causative factors, clinical symptoms at the time of referral and timely diagnosis in their treatment.

This case study is a case report of demographic and clinical, laboratory and radiological findings and treatment modalities of a patient with mucormycosis in a diabetic patient who is expected to receive partial renal transplantation.

The most common predisposing areas for invasive mucormycosis include diabetes mellitus, metabolic acidosis, glucocorticoid use, organ transplantation, anemia, iron overload, A Pulmonary mucormycosis is associated with a very poor prognosis and the best way to diagnose it is biopsy and the best way to deal with the use of less immunosuppressive drugs.

Acceptance and commitment based therapy and dialectical behavior therapy are new models of the third wave based on cognitive-behavioral approach. This research with the purpose of compare the effectiveness of these two models on cognitive strategies of emotional regulation in addicts with antisocial personality disorder.

The research method of the present study is quasi-experimental-clinical application with pre-test post-test. Participants by purposive sampling method were selected based on the MCMI-III questionnaire and the structured clinical interview based on the DSM-5 clinical version (SCID-5-PD). After screening and diagnosis, subjects were matched based on demographic variables in four control and experimental groups. To collect data Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were used. To analyze the data, analysis of covariance Mancova and Bonferroni post hoc test was used to compare the mean of independent variables of therapeutic interventions in experimental groups.

The results of this study showed that both acceptance and commitment treatment and dialectical behavior therapy are effective in improving emotional regulation strategies of addicts with antisocial personality disorder. Both therapeutic approaches increased the score of positive cognitive emotional regulation strategies (positive reconcentration and positive re-evaluation) and reduce the score of negative cognitive emotional regulation strategies (self-blaming, blaming others, rumination and catastrophization). There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatment models and only this difference was significant in relation to the negative emotion regulation strategy of "acceptance".

These findings indicate the helpfulness of both treatments on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of addicts with antisocial personality disorder. These findings can be promising in planning preventive interventions; however, more controlled studies are needed in this area.