پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 7 (پاییز 1398)

Among the various approaches to the critique of literary works formed since the beginning of the twentieth century, the psychoanalytic critique of works of art and the analysis of literary texts has a distinctive psychological character. The novel The Prince of Intercession by Houshang Golshiri is a contemporary Iranian storyteller with distressed narrative and psychological problems. In paying attention to the main character of this novel, Golshiri has shown his mental states such as fear, inferiority, self-esteem and isolation and affection with new techniques such as self-expression and mental ancestry of his Qajri dynasty. In this research, Karen Horney's theory is chosen as the theoretical framework of research because this psychologist's view is very much in line with the statistical population of the research, namely, the sixteen candidates in terms of characterization. Hornay is a follower of Freud in the field of social psychoanalysis. In this research, which is done by content analysis method, the character of sixteen searchers is investigated. The results of the study suggest that this psychotic personality treats his inferiority, much of it related to his childhood and the bitter memories of his ancestral cruelties to others and the influence of the prince on such events, in defensive ways such as selfishness and isolation. It's over. He resorted to the memories of the past to get rid of these emotions, the time in the mind of the sixteen-year-old confidante was too distracting, and this also rendered the audience speechless with the confusion of narrative

Gothic in literature is written in the style of late 18th and early 19th century European storytelling that fears, illusions, dreadful places, the overcoming of patriarchal thought, oppressed and victimized women, or gothic monster, nighttime events, and major nightmares, ... are one of its main components. Mary Shelley is one of the writers who has tried to capitalize on the school's main features in the creation of the Frankenstein monster novel. The flow of Persian writing did not exclude the influence of this school, including Houshang Golshiri wrote the first innocent story based on this school. Frankenstein's monster novel and the story of the first innocent are Gothic stories that are in many ways comparable and adaptable. This study aims to investigate these two effects by means of a comparative-analytic method. The research findings show that Golshiri wrote the first innocent by establishing the central theme of the creator's death by the creature in Frankenstein's monster, and both effects are formed on this basis. However, Golshiri has been creative in replacing elements of indigenous and local culture with stereotypical Western Gothic frameworks due to his imagination and creativity in some features, such as the Gothic monster.

One of the topics discussed in realistic war novels is dealing with the psychological issues of the characters, which can be studied by examining the impact of the war on the psychological states of the characters. The writers in the field of warfare and persistence tried to reflect these changes in their fictional characters. The aim is to psychoanalyze the characters of the novels "Suspended Bridge" and "Burnt Land" using a documentary method based on the theories of great psychologists. Anxiety, fear, suppressive defense mechanisms, similarity, displacement, inverse reaction, and emotion-focused coping are among the issues addressed in this study and the following questions will be answered: What effect does imposed war have on the state? Is there a personality disorder? And what mechanisms have personality used against these developments? The results show that due to the romance atmosphere and social, cultural, economic equilibrium, the characters in the novels are anxious and afraid, and defensive mechanisms are used to relieve anxiety and fear. Such as backsliding, backlash, etc. In the realistic novel "Burnt Land" only war has caused the transformation of the characters, but in the realistic novel "Suspended Bridge" in addition to war, social issues and illness are involved in personality chan

Many psychologists have tried to explain the nature of love and how to love and the different types of attachments and love. One of these psychologists is Robert Sternberg, which describes the reasons for romantic relationships in his Theory of Love, and explains the reason for the stability or instability of these relationships. The common patterns of attachment in human relationships seem to be unconsciously present in the hidden layers of realistic stories and the author's ability to display such patterns increase the credibility and appeal to the text. The necessity of precision of the author in realistic stories, and presenting a realistic description provides the reader with a detailed account of the actions and beliefs, and allows them to be examined in accordance with Sternberg's theory. In this study, four stories of gardening, self-sacrifice, student-teacher, and art from Sternberg's Theory of Love are analyzed in two realistic stories of 'Her Eyes'(Chashmhayash) and 'Madam Ahou's Husband' ("Showhar-e-Ahoo Khanom). This study shows that there is a great deal of compatibility between love stories and the beliefs of fictional characters with the same stories and patterns in Sternberg's love theory. This adaptation has created a cohesive causal structure in the plot of the story and make the readers more visualized with the characters.

Postmodern literature is one of the main subsets of postmodernism that has been affected from this situation in North America. In the past two decades, postmodern literature has been formed in Iran and known as the dominant style. Whenever a literary genre of a culture enters into another culture, if has been not exist previous contexts of the genre existence, can't forms such as effective and durable and does not remember for a long time. Interest to postmodernism is growing in Persian literature and According to it, has been created various styles of postmodern fiction, postmodern poetry, postmodern sonnets, and... Growing interest to postmodernism is rooted in classical Persian literature; as the impact of lyrical literary is obvious on modern Persian literature and one of the key factors it's success, root of many of the characteristics of postmodern literature Should be probed in the its classical forms. Features such as "pastiche, vicious circle, metafiction, parody, play with language and Dadaism", that are characteristic of postmodern works, are rooted in classical Persian literature and this factor, is the reason of growth of postmodernism in Persian literature.

Critical stylistics, by analyzing different layers of text, seeks to identify concepts beneath the surface of language and to discover its dominant ideology. Socialist literary text were introduced in to Iranian fictional literature by soviet socialist literature and by the tudeh party, which reperesented Maxism in Iran and one of the most important political currentsin Iran during the years 1320-1332. This party As a supporter of leftist literature, it overwhelmingly absorbed writers and intellectuals in the community and determined their writing style according to their own statement. Al ahmad is also one of the writers who joined the party and became a member for some time. He wrote a series of during his time in the tudeh party “Az ranji ke mibarim”. In this research, two elementary and interrelated parts of this series, namely “darreh khazan-zadeh” and “zirabi-ha” are analyzed within the framework of critical stylistics. The present study seeks to explain the anothers position and how and how socialist teachings are reflected in the text of two narratives. Genre determination is also a critical stylistic function that is considered as another objective of this research. The result implies that the anothers performance in reflecting historical historiography and the “darreh khazan zadeh” narrative within a socialist doctrines and it can be considered a post-colonial narrative with theme of exile and immigration. The genre of narrative is also untrue given their historical content is nonfiction