مجله جامعه شناسی نهادهای اجتماعی
پیاپی 16 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of exposure to gender stereotypes on women’s unequal position in family. The theoretical framework of this research is a combination of theories, such as Rigeway and Michell’s gender stereotypes, Fiske’s two_dimensional sexism, Oakley, Gelenn and England’s inequality gender and Burgess and Borgida’s gender streotypes. A survey method has been used in this research and data have been collectedusing a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included 364 female students of University of Mazandaran, selected through stratified sampling method appropriate to the volume. The results of the study showed that about two thirds of the respondents (%63) were exposed to moderate and high (high and very high) unequal position in their parents' families. A comparable percentage of married respondents (%63.5) had also experienced moderate and higher levels of unequal status in their married life. Furthermore, regression analysis of the data showed that the variables of marital status (with beta coefficient of 0.68), exposure to gender stereotypes (0.28), and behaviors based on gender stereotypes (0.15), respectively, were the strongest predictors of the unequal position of women in the family.

Infertility is one of the factors affecting the quality of women’s life. Infertility, as a kind of social mark, is more than just a medical diagnosis. The present study focuses on the quality of women’s life in infertile families and examines socio-cultural factors affecting the women’s life quality. In this study, using a survey method and a WHO life quality standard questionnaire, 400 women have been selected from infertile families referring to infertility centers on various reasons (female, male, both unknown and unknown) through simple random sampling method. The results showed that the factors of responsive age, household income, religiosity, general health and expectation were related to women’s life quality in infertile families. An explanation of the dependent variable in terms of the sum of the independent variables indicated that general health, religiosity and expectation were the strongest predictors of infertile women's life quality and accounted for 0.48% of the changes in the variance of the dependent variable.

Social capital, as a prominent concept in social sciences, plays an important role in advancing the process of political development. The first and perhaps the most important topic in social capital is the development of civil society. Social cohesion and political coherence achieved through public union and participation in civic institutions also strengthens political stability. Our main questions in this article are: What mechanisms of civil society affect the political development? In Kurdistan Province, how did civil institutions, after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, affect civil participation and political development? To answer the research questions in the present reseach, sing the theoretical framework of Robert Putnam, the relationship between the concepts of social capital and political development has been studied. To collect and analyze the data from Kurdistan Province, a statistical research method has been used. The findings of the research show that in Kurdistan province, after the revolution, civil institutions have been strengthened, social trust and social capital have increased, peoples’ participation and activities in civil institutions has increased and the process of promoting political development has advanced as well.

Homemaking is one of the main roles of women in all societies that is interpreted and executed differently in different social and cultural contexts. The aim of the current study is to explore the concept of homemaking in the interpretation of housewives in Shiraz City. For this purpose, a constructivist qualitative approach and a generic theory qualitative method have been used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with individual participants and groups. The participants consisted of 34 married housewives, with children who had at least five years of married life. They were selected form different regions of Shiraz through purposive and snowball sampling methods. The data were analyzed using theoretical coding techniques. The interview transcripts were categorized under six schemes: marriage norm, child status, role management and acceptance, role pressure and over-load, instability of homemaking role, as well as rethinking and regretting. The core category in this research is harmonization challenge, indicating that women experience contradictory expectations and acts and actively try to harmonize these contradictions

The purpose of this study is to analyze the vision and policies of higher education institutions in seven countries. As a qualitative research, this study uses George Brady’s comparative study method. As the study sample, seven countries have been selected purposefully and according to the experts of this field, considering the geographical dispersion and the differences in the higher education system: America, Iran, Germany, England, Russia, Japan and China. To collect the required data, notes were taken from international documents and reports, articles and all available documents. The stages of this research are dual: Description and interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison. The results showed that strong currents such as internationalization, quality assurance, industry linkages, increasing university autonomy, and changes in traditional ways of governing academia are not merely limited to developed countries. These predominant currents are also evident in Eastern systems, such as China and Japan, and in countries in transition, such as Iran and Russia. Some differences were also found as a consequence of the countries’ historical and cultural context, as well as their scientific and technological development phase and stage

Considering the importance of interactions in families, as well as cultural factors related to them, the present research investigates the relationship between attitude towards power distribution and value orientations among 380 couples from Dougonbadan City. The sample was selected through cluster sampling method proportional to the sample size, which was determined using Lin’s sample size determination Table. Based on the research literature, attitudes toward the power distribution structure in the family were examined in two dimensions: authoritarian and consultative. According to the research results, the relationship between religious, fatalistic and traditional value orientations and authoritarian decision-making was directly significant. However, the relationship between modern value orientations and authoritarian decision-making was inversely significant. The relationships between fatalistc and modern value orientations and consultative power distribution were negative and positive, respectively. The most influential variables in reducing authoritarian decision-making and increasing tendency to the consultative one were found to be the modern value orientation and the level of eduction, respectively. Finally, it can be said that the dominant culture and "hegemony" of masculine vertical decision-making, at least expectionally, is changing to a kind of "transitional" situation that lead to a competitive and hostile relationship between traditional and modern value orientations and authoritarian and consultitative decision making

The present meta-analysis seeks to re-analyze a series of studies on child labour and street children and enumerate their strengths and weaknesses. The present study, providing a statistical summary of the previous research in the field of child labour and street children, seeks an overall estimate of the factors affecting this variable. Accordingly, this study uses a documentary meta-analysis research method and the statistical population of the study includes all valid scientific studies that have been published during the years 1381 to 1398 on the subject of child labour and street children. Finally, 15 documents suitable for performing a meta-analysis were selected and analyzed using CMA2 software. The analysis of the severity of the combined effects showed that the variables of parental education level and drug addiction with the combined effects of 0.614 and 0.541, respectively, affected the average rates of child labour and street children

Iranians’ moral is one of the issues researched in recent decades. However, it has been studied with a binary approach in all studies. In this article, we have tried to show that the Iranians’ moral is fuzzy and cannot be addressed with a binary approach. Therefore, in this study, we tried to use a fuzzy approach to deal with the Iranians’ morals in Reggie contract. The results of the study showed that in the Reggie incident, people gained membership scores in charactristics such as collectivism,anti authoritarianismand anarchism. In the case of collectivism, people gained a fuzzy membership score of 0.92 due to their participation in protesting against the Reggie contract, in the case of anti-authoritarianism, people gained a fuzzy membership score of 0.81 due to struggling until achieving the goal, and in the case of anarchism, people gained a fuzzy membership score of 0.06 due to threating the lives of Muslims and foreigners. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that the fuzzy approach to the Iranians’ morals can give more appropriate results than the binary approach

The present study analyzes the relationship between university and society and investigates the social functions of the university in the context of the changes in the new society. Hybrid University (consistent with Etzkwich-Leedsdorf’s triple helix theory) and Cultural University (based on Delanty’s analysis of the role of the university in civil society) is a theoretical-conceptual formulation of this relationship, that has been operated in the form of objective-empirical indicators of the relationship between university-government, university-industry and university-civil society. Methodologically, this qualitative study has used interviews with Ph.D students inUniversity of Tehran as an instrument to collect data. The results of the study indicated that the relationship between the university and the three sectors (government, industry and civil society), rather than being compatible with the mechanisms of the hybrid and cultural university, reflects pathological aspects in which even the traditional academic functions and patterns are also challenged

In different provinces of Iran, age structure changes have almost similarly led to the emergence of a population that are at the age of economic activity, shape the future demographic phenomena and require a reinforcement of human capital to participate in the development process. This study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, performed a secondary analysis on the data related to 10 different provinces of the country to show the status of human capital indicators. The results showed that in addition to the underdevelopment of some provinces (such as Sistan and Baluchistan, Kurdistan and Lorestan), there is also a significant provincial dispersal in terms of human capital indicators in education, health, workforce and employment, as well as enabling environment, that is, the human capital indicators are more accumulated in some developed provinces (such as Isfahan, Semnan, Eastern Azerbaijan, and Mazandaran). These results highlight the need to strengthen the human capital of potentially active populations in low-income provinces and border areas on the one hand, and to engage them in the development process with the aim of sustaining the young population and promoting the developmental indicators to the extent of the developed provinces, as well as increasing the quality of population to sustain future population processes on the other hand

The concept of agency has been tied to the upper middle classes in most studies. In contrast, the concept of submission and obedience is more commonly used for the lower middle classes. By exploring the lives of the lower-middle-class traditional-religious Muslim Women in the Middle East, with an emphasis on women in Ankara and Tehran, this article seeks to show the opposite aspects of current theories. Using a qualitative method, thematic analysis, and cognitive and semi-structured interviews with 50 women in Tehran and Ankara, this study was able to show there is insufficient knowledge about the meanings of women’s agency for women living in conservative non-western regions, especially the Middle East. The result also showed that the progress of agency for religious-traditional women in their everyday life may be quiet, hiden and slow. However, these women have been able to demonstrate their agency with low education and low economy. Not only often did these women think and act according to social, cultural, traditional, and religious expectations as an obedient, passive, and submissive personality, but also they sought ways for a redistribution of their facilities and opportunities to gain internal independence while they were conscious of what was going on in their current situation

The present study deals with the typology of religiosity among a group of 21- to 36-year-old youth in Rasht. This qualitative study has been done using a narrative analysis of narrative interviews. The theoretical framework of the study was a combination of the views of sociologists of religion on the status of religiosity in the modern world. The sample included 16 indiciduals. The most important research results obtained are: 1. All interviewees have distanced themselves from the family's religious culture and significantly distanced themselves from the religiosity of the family of origin; 2. They are fundamentally distanced from and critique of the formal religiosity, which is Shariat-oriented, and also the theological religiosity, which is jurisprudential; 3. The predominant pattern of religiosity is emotional religiosity. 4. The influence of their lived experiences and available cognitive systems is evident in forming the path of their religiosity, which is also consistent with the views of theorists in the theoretical framework