فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، زمستان 1399)

In urban environments, several factors cause urban decline and migration of residents. One of these factors is the diminishing identity and Sense of place. One of the most important characteristics that affect collective life and social relations is belonging to a certain place. People spend the most and most important hours of their lives in their place of residence and organize their major social relationships based on it. Man integrates with his living environment and place becomes one of the identifying components of his life. Citizens' sense of belonging to their place and living place is one of the important dimensions in improving the quality of urban environments. And it becomes an important factor in shaping the communication bases of citizens in the urban environment. The present study seeks to investigate and recognize the Sense of place among the citizens of Kowsar and Golshan aqueducts located in District 4 of Tehran Municipality and the factors influencing the design of programs and policies to strengthen the Sense of place.

The present research is descriptive-survey in terms of applied purpose and its method. To conduct this research, relevant and field resources were collected in two

library (documentary) using a questionnaire of relevant data. The statistical population of this study is all citizens over 18 years of age in Golshan and Kowsar aqueducts in Tehran's 4th metropolitan area. According to the 2016 census, the population is 58,819 people. The sample size was determined using the Cochran's formula of 382 people. The sampling method was simple random. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed in terms of content (content validity) through the views of experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated by SPSS software was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The questionnaires were adjusted based on a range of 5 Likert options (very low, low, medium, high and very high) with an emotional attachment factor of 5 items, a conceptual belonging agent with 5 items, and a functional belonging agent with 6 items.

The analysis of the results shows that the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood feel more comfortable in their neighborhood than other neighborhoods than Golshan neighborhood. Also, the development and promotion of the neighborhood is of great importance for the residents of both neighborhoods. In Golshan neighborhood, the residents of this area are not proud of living in this neighborhood and it is not considered valuable for them, while the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood are proud to live in this neighborhood. Residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood are more inclined to spend time in their neighborhood. Also, the comparison of the two neighborhoods shows that for a large part of the residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood, being on the streets of this neighborhood is satisfactory, while this is less true for the residents of Golshan neighborhood.

The analysis of the results shows that the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood feel more comfortable in their neighborhood than other neighborhoods than Golshan neighborhood. Also, the development and promotion of the neighborhood is of great importance for the residents of both neighborhoods. In Golshan neighborhood, the residents of this area are not proud of living in this neighborhood and it is not considered valuable for them, while the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood are proud to live in this neighborhood. Residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood are more inclined to spend time in their neighborhood. Also, the comparison of the two neighborhoods shows that for a large part of the residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood, being on the streets of this neighborhood is satisfactory, while this is less true for the residents of Golshan neighborhood.

The "Biophilia Approach" as a maximization approach pursues a comprehensive integration of different dimensions of the natural environment in cities, but has been less addressed in internal research, especially from the origins of urban planning knowledge. It seems that a more detailed analysis of this concept and moving towards the development of strategies for its realization in the field of urban planning can be effective on improving the relationship between citizens and nature. The present study seeks to apply the indicators of this approach in a conceptual model to be applied in the design and planning of urban neighborhoods.

 In the first step, "library studies" and a review of scientific resources in the field of environmental design and planning by the biophilic approach have been considered. After reviewing the sources, by qualitative analysis method, the components, dimensions and characteristics of the biophilic neighborhood were classified, compiled and formed the initial research model. In the second step, "Delphi method" was used to develop and complete the model and determine the priority of the indicators. This method was performed by selecting a group of eleven members of the faculty of Shiraz University in the fields of architecture, urban planning and design and in three stages (interviews and two questionnaires). After inscription of in-depth interviews by qualitative content analysis method; dimensions, components and indicators considered by the members were added to the initial model and provided to them in the form of a Likert scale questionnaire. Then, after reviewing the interviews and questionnaires, and adding one dimension and about ten indicators to the initial model, in the "third stage", the final questionnaire was sent for the final approval of the members and the percentage of agreement or disagreement with the components of this model and the resulting data were collected and analyzed by using of Kendall coefficient.  These indicators constructed the research model in the form of 6 dimensions.

 The development of the biophilic neighborhood model has been done in six dimensions: "natural resources", "artificial environment", "neighborhood landscape", "activities", "local community" and "neighborhood people" and in the form of 26 indicators. The findings show that in terms of "natural resources"; conservation of natural resources, in terms of "artificial environment"; integration of physical environment with nature, in terms of "activities"; green transportation, in the "local community" dimension; people's participation in nature protection and in the "neighborhood people" dimension, people's emotional connection with nature have been the most agreed upon among members of the Delphi circle. In the "natural resources" dimension of resource conservation, the most important goal has been the sustainable development approach in the last two decades. In addition to environmental goals, the "Access to Resources" index is also an achievement of social justice in the neighborhood. In today's high-rise cities, access to optimal sources of airflow, uniform ventilation, adequate lighting, as well as fair access to green space and adequate vegetation in the city are very important. In the "dimension of the artificial environment" in small-scale approaches to the design of the environment, including in architecture, the emphasis is on combining the artificial environment with natural elements. Valuable examples of this indicator are available in the historical past of Iranian architecture and urban planning, the development of examples and inspiration in urban design and planning in order to realize the biophilic neighborhood is a way forward. In terms of "activities", active transportation, while reducing air pollution, will also increase the health and vitality of the residents of the neighborhood. Also, in the experience of green neighborhoods in recent years, there are successful examples of urban agriculture and communal gardens on a neighborhood scale that have very environmental, economic, social and cultural benefits, and their native patterns can be exploited in our country. In the "neighborhood people" dimension, in our historical past, indigenous knowledge and public information about the surrounding nature and its elements have been significant, especially in rural areas. Contemporary urbanization has distorted people's attention and general sensitivity to nature and reduced environmental sensitivity to the environment. This issue requires special attention of urban management and governmental and public institutions   decision-maker in the field of culture.

It seems that the application of the obtained indicators from this research with a local approach in formulating design and planning strategies of urban neighborhoods can help the process of realizing the biophilic neighborhood in our country. The characteristics of this model, while in line with previous research, show the need for localization and attention to local examples of the history of traditional architecture and urban planning. In future research, more accurate prioritization of indicators, case studies and testing in the redesign and planning of urban neighborhoods, as well as measuring the status of urban neighborhoods based on this framework, can be tracked.
 Keywords: Biophilic, Urban Design, Urban Planning, Neighborhood, Sustainable City.

Urban sidewalks, which date back to about 70 years ago, especially in Germany and the Netherlands, serve as a linear space with maximum social role. According to Jacobber, urban streets and sidewalks are the main and most important part of urban public places and are the most sifnificant part of it. The stability and dynamism of the urban sidewalks space is so effective that leads to the creation of suitable nodes for pausing, sitting and watching. According to Leiden, pedestrianism, pedestrian movement, desirable design, and creating appropriate opportunities for pedestrian movement are effective on increasing social interactions and strengthening social capital. Safety and security, accessibility and permeability, vitality, identity, diversity and mixing,attractiveness, beauty and visual fit, readability,comfort and convenience, shortness and continuity are among the indicators that affect the urban sidewalk.

The research method in the present study is of explanatory-analytical type with applied nature. The method of data collection is library, documentary and field. In order to formulate theoretical foundations, research indicators, library studies were used in the form of books, articles, dissertations and researches.In order to obtain the information of the study area, the field method with the framework of observation and questionnaire has been used. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multivariate regression were used to analyze the data.

The findings show:•Indicators of cultural diversity, place attachment, safety and security, sense of remembrance and spatial vitality of Zanjan Imam sidewalk are higher than average and close to the desired level. So that the average of the total indicators is about 3.9, which is higher than the standard set (3) and close to the desired limit (4).•Evaluated indicators on the sidewalk of Zanjan city have a significant relationship and a positive correlation with each other and work continuously with each other.According to the results of Pearson test, the indicators of measuring identity and sense of place in the sidewalk of Zanjan city affect each other at 99 and 95% confidence levels. Indicators in general have moderate and positive correlations with each other.Based on the results of stepwise multivariate regression test, five indicators of the sidewalk of Imam Street of Zanjan affect each other and each of them has a different effect on the dependent variable of identity and sense of place.The share and effect of each variable on the dependent variable (identity and sense of place) are similar based on the non-standardized coefficient (20%). But based on the standardized coefficient (direct and real) are different from each other and each of the five variables has a different effect on the dependent variable of identity and sense of place.•The effect of place attachment and cultural identity variables on the identity and sense of place of Zanjan sidewalk are greater.The five indicators of identity and sense of belonging due to their high average coefficient, communication and impact have been able to have a stimulating effect on the sidewalk and increase the sense of being in space and belonging to it on the sidewalk of Zanjan.•The high average of the studied indicators shows that the sidewalk of Zanjan city with its increasing performance has been able to be effective on attracting citizens to itself and to mobilize the physical space of the city center.According to the average number of visits of citizens (4.5 times a week) and the reasons for attending the sidewalk (58% of traffic and shopping) as well as the amount of pauses and stops on the sidewalk (average 46 minutes) texture and physical space of the center, it has strengthened the city and promoted the sense of identity and place belonging of Zanjan city center.

The results of the study showed that the effect of the studied indicators of sidewalks on Zanjan is qualitatively and quantitatively increasing and has been able to improve the tensile capacity of the respiratory space in the central part of the city. Despite the different effects of the studied indicators of identity and sense of place of Zanjan sidewalk, all indicators have been effective on relation to the development of identity and sense of place of the sidewalk. So that the correlation of the indicators with each other was mainly positive and the indicators in general had a correlation of more than 50% in improving the level of identity and sense of place and the hypothesis of correlation of the indicators with each other was confirmed. In order to develop the level of stability of identity and sense of place, it is suggested:•The variety of sidewalk cultural and social events and activities should be such that do not have an adverse effect on the business situation of business owners and guilds of the sidewalk area due to congestion.The perimeter and axes of the sidewalk should be visually and physically adapted.For the welfare of the residents around the sidewalk, whose traffic route is from the sidewalk, an appropriate traffic pattern should be considered.Appropriate scheduling methods that are in line with the working conditions of businesses and guilds. •In holding various ceremonies, the cultural, social and religious characteristics of the citizens and the elements in the context (such as the community mosque, the mosque of the Prophet and the bazaar, etc.) should be considered.It is suggested that the ingredients, elements and furniture placed in the sidewalk originate from the cultural, social and historical features of the city and its citizens.

Although more than five decades have passed since the introduction of good urban governance as the superior method of managing urban affairs, this model has not been realized in Iranian cities, especially in middle cities. Existing studies indicate the role of political, institutional, structural, managerial and cultural factors in this inefficiency. However, a review of research related to the pathology of good urban governance reveals three gaps in studies in this area. First, the challenges of not achieving good urban governance are often overlooked or ignored at the level of small and medium-sized cities. Second, existing studies in the pathology of non-realization of urban governance have mentioned obstacles that are themselves the result of underlying conditions and other structural factors that these factors and conditions have not been carefully studied. Also, the existing studies have not looked at the issue of governance through the lens of urban development policy and have paid no attention to the context and context of urban policy in the pathology of good urban governance. Therefore, in the present study, the pathology of good urban governance from the perspective of its institutionalization in the management system and policy-making of middle cities has been studied with a case study of Neyshabur city.

The methodological approach of the research is of a qualitative type based on semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists familiar with the subject in the city of Neyshabor, which has been implemented through 30 interviews. The process was done in such a way that first the specialists who had the highest level of knowledge and experience in the field of good urban governance and were also familiar with the issues and problems of Neyshabor were identified. Then, by conducting a semi-structured interview with six open-ended questions, the contexts and factors affecting the inefficiency of good urban governance at both macro (country level) and local (Neyshabor city) levels were discussed. In terms of institutional status, the members of the experts consist of three groups, including academic experts, managers and specialists based in organizations related to Neyshabor urban management, and activists of non-governmental organizations and NGOs. The interview questions, based on the urban development policy-making system, study both macro and local factors affecting the lack of good urban governance. The data analysis method is based on qualitative content analysis techniques, including step-by-step coding, which was completed at the end through a documentary method and matching and referring to existing research. Step coding consists of three main ones, each of which is identified by a type of code. Descriptive codes include initial categories that are derived directly from the content analysis of interviews. Interpretive codes are the result of merging and categorizing the initial categories, and finally, explanatory codes include fundamental factors. In this study, the step-by-step coding process was performed in reverse over three rounds.

Based on the obtained results, the factors affecting the non-realization of good urban governance in Neyshabor include 87 initial categories, 11 interpretive codes and 4 explanatory codes. Interpretive codes include such as institutional weaknesses, politicization of the urban development process, inefficiency of legal and judicial mechanisms governing the country's urban planning system, inefficiency of mechanisms for monitoring the urban development process, lack of integrated urban management system, organizational management weaknesses, profiteering, awareness and education weakness, weak relationships between actors and stakeholders, economic and technological weaknesses. Explanatory codes were classified into four main areas: "structural barriers", "individual barriers", "communication action barriers" and "infrastructural barriers". A significant point in the pathology of the lack of good urban governance is that first, more attention should be paid to the fundamental and root factors and not only to obvious and superficial ones such as weak participation, weak citizenship culture, lack of integrated management and etc. are not enough and the role of macro-structures reproducing these factors should not be overlooked. Second, all factors and contexts lead to the strengthening of each other in a cohesive and integrated manner and turn the realization of urban governance into a confusing mess.

The results of this study made it clear that the failure to achieve good urban governance is primarily rooted in structural barriers that include institutional, political, legal, regulatory and managerial structures. Each of these dimensions, in turn, indicates major weaknesses in urban development policy and management models. Therefore, overcoming the existing challenges in the urban management system of the country is possible only by making fundamental changes in these macro-structures. Besides structural barriers, three other areas, namely, individual barriers, communication action barriers and infrastructural barriers, were also considered in this study, and in general, an attempt was made to diagnose good urban governance with a newer and more up-to-date classification. The complexity of the factors of lack of good urban governance and their interaction with each other concerning political, social, economic and institutional contexts, makes the implementation of good urban governance in practice a major challenge for the country's cities and despite numerous studies, remains as an attractive slogan to justify the actions of city managers. Finally, based on the results of the present study, it should be acknowledged that the realization of good urban governance first requires requirements that these ones are in the structural field to affect other dimensions of urban management inefficiency, to be able to institutionalize model good urban governance in middle cities.

The emergence of the virtual world has led to the creation of spaces and new patterns of behavior in the life of modern human being. In this regard, "Cyber Park" through the co-creation of public open spaces and the use of new information and communication technologies, provide many opportunities for stakeholders in the field of technological interactions (information exchange, transfer of experiences, knowledge sharing, etc.). In fact, "Cyber Park" is a smart social ecosystem that can meet the needs and desires of individuals, especially in the field of education and learning, by using of technological equipment and in the context of nature, in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. Given the characteristics of "Cyber Park", spaces such as parks, squares, historical areas, riversides, resorts and public open spaces are known to create suitable Cyber Parks. These spaces allow people to develop their social and cultural contributions, and in addition to taking advantage of the surrounding space, they will be able to improve the quality of various aspects of their lives. In these public open spaces, the proper implementation of information and communication technologies (as one of the main bases of Cyber Park formation) is essential and consist of the technological optimizations, improving the infrastructures and superstructures, developing the hardware and the software, as well as equipping of the facilities. As the main base of Cyber Parks through participation and social interactions, innovative actions and the development of discourse and relationships between spaces, stakeholders also play a key role in the process of its formation.

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of implementing Cyber Parks through the technological interactions of stakeholders (students) in the university public open spaces. In order to achieve the goals of the research, main question is proposed as follow: “How does university public open spaces affect technological interactions (students' activities and relationships with each other) in terms of the quality of the spaces and facilities available?”. Thus, during the research process, how to adapt the basic concepts of Cyber Park with a public open educational space in the university environment has been analyzed in order to explain the requirements of implementing Cyber Park, especially in academic context. For this purpose, Bagh-e Melli campus of the University of Art in Tehran has been selected as the case study and data were collected in the field through an online questionnaire survey that explored students’ views and behaviors towards university public open spaces. Then, using quantitative analysis method and SPSS statistical software and also with the help of case study strategy, data analysis was performed. In order to improve the validity of the research, first a pilot study (30 questionnaires) is conducted and then the main questionnaire is prepared.

During the research, various dimensions such as the quality of the university public open spaces, the qualities and facilities available in the university public open spaces of the university, student social life and the social interactions taking place in relation to information and communication technologies, the degree of willingness to cooperate in the design and maintenance of public open spaces of the university, daily use of information and communication technologies and the kind of them in the public university spaces and the quality of information and communication technologies has been explored. In the statistical analysis, with the help of t-test and according to Pearson coefficient (correlation test), correlation levels, the forming dimensions of "Cyber Park" with each other and the indicators of each dimension have been tested separately. The findings emphasize the enthusiasm and high willingness of stakeholders (university student) to participate in matters related to the university public space. In addition, the quality of the public open space of Bagh-e Melli campus in the University of Art is strongly related to its facilities and has a strong correlation with the social life of students (related to the use of information and communication technologies). On the other hand, students' need for the development of information and communication technologies in the open space is positively assessed and reflects the preferences of stakeholders for the application of technologies, which is important in the formation of "Cyber Park" in the university public space.

The research findings show that the success of "Cyber park" requires the development and strengthening of technological infrastructure in this place and the provision of appropriate space (especially natural environment) to allow people to use information and communication technologies and share experiences of them. This can be achieved through the optimization of technology cores, infrastructure and superstructures, hardware and software, as well as the development of facilities

City is a social and physical phenomenon that is under the pressure of constant development and many quantitative and qualitative changes take place in it. In the late 1960s, urban planning shifted toward social justice due to increasing urban conflicts in Western societies (concurrent with the presentation of Rawls' theory of social justice) so that it was extremely successful in reducing urban conflicts and social control and creating balance in Western capitalist society. Geographically, the city's social justice is synonymous with a fair distribution of space and facilities between different urban areas and equal access to citizens, and their unfair distribution will lead to social crises and complex and diverse spatial problems. The balanced distribution of urban services will reduce intra-city travel and provide the needs of citizens in the same areas that will improve the urban transportation system in the development of interconnected nodes between urban services and increase economic vitality, dynamism of urban life, comfort and well-being. Inadequate and unequal distribution of services in the 11th district of Tehran due to the lack of attention to social justice is currently one of the challenges of urban management in responding to citizens. Therefore, according to the necessity of the subject, the present study seeks to explain and present a model of equitable distribution of urban services based on social justice. So, the main research question is as follows: -What is the model of fair distribution of social justice-based urban services?

The present study is applied and descriptive-analytical research in terms of content and method. The required data have been collected through library and field methods. Thus, at first, theoretical concepts were explained in order to clarify the issue, and then for the more coherent and efficient discussion of the region, the criteria of urban services and social justice were determined according to the views of experts. It is important to note that in the section on Social Justice Criteria, based on the main aim of the study, which is the equitable distribution of urban services, the principle focus is on the views of John Rawls and David Harvey. The statistical population includes residents of District 11 of Tehran and the volume of the statistical sample in this study is calculated by Cochran's formula that is 384 people. Finally, SPSS and Smart PLS software programs have been used to review descriptive statistics and analyze the collected data and provide a model of equitable distribution of urban services based on social justice.

In order to analyze the final criteria, which were extracted from the theoretical basis and based on the views of experts, after entering the latent variables (main variables and criteria related to each) and obvious (indicators or questions) and drawing the model in Smart PLS software; the final model was analyzed in two ways of estimating the standard and significance coefficients of the coefficients, which represent the extent and significance of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent, respectively. According to experts such as Ringle (2015) and Johnson 2008, the Cronbach's alpha value, the combined reliability, correlation of Spearman and the common reliability value must be above 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. Also, as claimed by Ringle and Henseler, if the CR> AVE condition is firmed, the validity of the model is confirmed. Therefore, according to the obtained results, all the coefficients have the mentioned conditions and the model has reliability and validity. In addition, due to the results of the Fornell and Larcker test, the numbers on the main diameter of the AVE square are greater than the correlation of the corresponding variable with the other variables. Consequently, the questions of one variable were not correlated with the other variable and the research variables were not critically correlated with each other. As a result, divergent validity was confirmed by this test. Also, based on the results of the significance test, the path of social justice on the fair distribution of urban services, which in fact expresses the effect of the independent variable of social justice on the dependent variable of equitable distribution of social services, according to T value, which is outside the range of 1.96 and -1.96 and the value of sig

In the present study, by studying the research literature and theoretical foundations, 6 main criteria such as freedom, equal opportunity, difference, need, participation in public interest and entitlement based on the views of John Rawls and David Harvey have been identified. Also, educational, medical-health, sports, urban green space, urban infrastructure, accessibility and transportation, cultural and recreational criteria have been determined for the distribution of urban services variable. The important point to be found in the results is the three factors of difference, freedom and equal opportunity in the rank of one to three that in addition to showing the importance of the above three factors in achieving social justice in the fair distribution of urban services, it indicates that the main emphasis should be on John Rawls' point of view and the observance of the three principals have been presented by him.

Today, crisis management is an essential part of urban issues. Before pursuing any lofty goals, the role of social participation is essential to ensure the continued stability and success of crisis management. Effective crisis management requires a systematic approach based on social participation, managerial sensitivity, and a good understanding of the importance of crisis management by residents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of social participation in improving the performance of urban crisis management in the city of Robat Karim. In this regard, after reviewing the theoretical issues in the field of social participation and relying on crisis management issues, the indicators affecting social participation were identified. The research method is survey and the statistical population is the citizens of Robat Karim. 383 people were randomly selected by Cochran's method as a statistical sample. Findings showed that the correlation coefficient of social participation and crisis management with a coefficient of 0.783 is significant and using linear regression test, the role of social participation with 0.765% in improving crisis management performance has been evaluated positively. In fact, it can be said that by upgrading one unit of each independent variable (social participation), the dependent variable will be upgraded to the written coefficient. Therefore, in the crisis management system of Robat Karim city, the most basic component is increasing social participation Today, crisis management is an essential part of urban issues. Before pursuing any lofty goals, the role of social participation is essential to ensure the continued stability and success of crisis management. Effective crisis management requires a systematic approach based on social participation, managerial sensitivity, and a good understanding of the importance of crisis management by residents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of social participation in improving the performance of urban crisis management in the city of Robat Karim. In this regard, after reviewing the theoretical issues in the field of social participation and relying on crisis management issues, the indicators affecting social participation were identified. The research method is survey and the statistical population is the citizens of Robat Karim. 383 people were randomly selected by Cochran's method as a statistical sample. Findings showed that the correlation coefficient of social participation and crisis management with a coefficient of 0.783 is significant and using linear regression test, the role of social participation with 0.765% in improving crisis management performance has been evaluated positively. In fact, it can be said that by upgrading one unit of each independent variable (social participation), the dependent variable will be upgraded to the written coefficient. Therefore, in the crisis management system of Robat Karim city, the most basic component is increasing social participation Today, crisis management is an essential part of urban issues. Before pursuing any lofty goals, the role of social participation is essential to ensure the continued stability and success of crisis management. Effective crisis management requires a systematic approach based on social participation, managerial sensitivity, and a good understanding of the importance of crisis management by residents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of social participation in improving the performance of urban crisis management in the city of Robat Karim. In this regard, after reviewing the theoretical issues in the field of social participation and relying on crisis management issues, the indicators affecting social participation were identified. The research method is survey and the statistical population is the citizens of Robat Karim. 383 people were randomly selected by Cochran's method as a statistical sample. Findings showed that the correlation coefficient of social participation and crisis management with a coefficient of 0.783 is significant and using linear regression test, the role of social participation with 0.765% in improving crisis management performance has been evaluated positively. In fact, it can be said that by upgrading one unit of each independent variable (social participation), the dependent variable will be upgraded to the written coefficient. Therefore, in the crisis management system of Robat Karim city, the most basic component is increasing social participation Today, crisis management is an essential part of urban issues. Before pursuing any lofty goals, the role of social participation is essential to ensure the continued stability and success of crisis management. Effective crisis management requires a systematic approach based on social participation, managerial sensitivity, and a good understanding of the importance of crisis management by residents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of social participation in improving the performance of urban crisis management in the city of Robat Karim. In this regard, after reviewing the theoretical issues in the field of social participation and relying on crisis management issues, the indicators affecting social participation were identified. The research method is survey and the statistical population is the citizens of Robat Karim. 383 people were randomly selected by Cochran's method as a statistical sample. Findings showed that the correlation coefficient of social participation and crisis management with a coefficient of 0.783 is significant and using linear regression test, the role of social participation with 0.765% in improving crisis management performance has been evaluated positively. In fact, it can be said that by upgrading one unit of each independent variable (social participation), the dependent variable will be upgraded to the written coefficient. Therefore, in the crisis management system of Robat Karim city, the most basic component is increasing social participation Today, crisis management is an essential part of urban issues. Before pursuing any lofty goals, the role of social participation is essential to ensure the continued stability and success of crisis management. Effective crisis management requires a systematic approach based on social participation, managerial sensitivity, and a good understanding of the importance of crisis management by residents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of social participation in improving the performance of urban crisis management in the city of Robat Karim.

Cities, as the center of the human gathering, are always seeking more resources, and their continuous expansion from urban centers to the suburbs and suburban areas, suburban areas, takes people away from natural gifts and realms. The dominant urban development of the twentieth century, in the form of horizontal expansion, had adverse economic, social, and especially environmental consequences, leading to the theory of sustainable development and attention to the environment. Obviously, recognizing the environmental consequences of development can be effective in improving the quality of the urban environment and future planning (Abbaszadeh, 2010). Urban population growth has always been accompanied by changes in the body and the urban environment. In Iran, population growth policies in a particular period, the high attraction of cities and the existence of repulsive factors in rural areas and, consequently, the growth of migration from rural to urban areas, have led to dramatic changes in urban population. This increase in population has led to an increase in urban construction, especially in residential units, and this, in turn, has led to changes in land use. One of the main preconditions for the optimal use of land is to know the land use patterns and to be aware of the changes in each land use over time (Faizizadeh et al., 2007: 78). Urban sprawl is affected by environmental factors and resource problems because urban growth typically changes agricultural and forest lands into sections with tall buildings and increases land resource waste

The research method in this research is applied in terms of purpose. For analysis, Landsat satellite of the Tehran metropolitan area was prepared for the period 1352, 1364, 1379, and 1397. It should be noted that the images taken are related to Landsat satellite (8.5.4) and TM and OLI / TIRS meters, which are in the form of false-color images related to the selected band 7, 4, 2. Then, the status of the intended uses for specific work, which includes 4 classified classes, which are: constructed lands, vegetation lands, barren lands, and water areas. The Fuzzy Artmap model, which is a monitored algorithm, is used to measure and evaluate the status of users and classify satellite images. Then, using the Lcm model, the changes created between the applications are displayed and in the final stage of the model. CA-Markov has been used to predict changes in land use in Tehran until 1410.

At this stage of the research, the land use map of 1353 shows that the constructed lands have an area of 3000 hectares, which is equal to 9.14% of the total area of the region. 5832 vegetation lands, which are equal to 17.5 percent, barren lands, 23971 hectares, which are equal to 73.36 percent, and subsequent irrigated lands, which are 13.93 hectares, which are equal to 0.04 of the area, can finally be mentioned that the lands are Bayer has the highest percentage of area and water areas the lowest percentage at this stage of the year. In the second stage, according to the map (Figure 2) and the relevant data, it can be said that the lands built in 1985, 5751 hectares, which has an area equal to 17.5% of the total land area, compared to the previous year. In 1353, a 17% increase in area and vegetation land with an area of 6181 hectares, which surrounds about 18.83% of the land area, which compared to the year 53, increased by 1% and then barren lands equal to 208744 hectares and 63%. It covers 9% of the land area and 16.8 hectares of irrigated lands, which has decreased by about 0.03%. In the end, it can be said that in 1985, barren lands and vegetation were then built. It has the highest percentage of the area and the water areas have the lowest percentage of area. In the third period, as in previous years, we can again refer to the increasing and decreasing trend of the level that the constructed lands are 8115 hectares, which is equal to 24.7%, which has been facing an increasing trend during three periods, which is 7% to the level. He added that this year's land cover is 4145 hectares, which is 12.6% of the earth's surface, which has decreased by 6% during this period, and it can be mentioned that The barren lands are 20585 hectares, which is equivalent to 62.6% and covers the highest area of the whole region. It should also be noted that compared to before, the level has decreased by 1%. The water areas are 13.14 hectares and the equivalent of 0.50, which is the lowest area of the whole area. In the end, it can be said that during these three periods, water areas have been accompanied by a declining trend Is. Finally, in 1397, for the first time, lands built with 54.6% of barren lands, which are 43%, have increased, and vegetation has decreased by 1.5% and irrigated lands have decreased by 0.01% compared to the previous period.

The results of this research with the findings of Rahimi's research (2014), on the modeling of Tabriz development in 1410 using LTM, Hareini et al. (2016), on urban creep and its effects on land-use change changes, LV research et al. 2012), on the study of urban sprawl and patterns in fast-growing areas, Kobbinah and Amoako Research (2012), on urban dispersion and loss of urban land, Dedi et al. (2016), on urban dispersion And its effects are more consistent with the change in land use in Central Ethiopia. In the end, it can be said that the models used in this study, in terms of having sufficient accuracy and have been able to help solve the problem and determine the changes and developments that have taken place over the decades, they look good models