فصلنامه توسعه اجتماعی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پاییز 1399)

The city has long been a strategic site for the exploration of many major subjects such as social relations, socio-political conflicts, social order, class and power. This places cities at the heart of sociology. A space capable of producing and accumulating wealth, power, architecture, memory, collective identity and symbolic systems. The city of Abadan in the last decade of the thirteenth century (1910) until 1977 and to this day has been a city built by oil capitalism which makes it a site for urban development and conflict and this leads to form a variety of socio-urban phenomena. In this study, multiple methods and techniques includes field observation, assessing documents and historical sources, in-depth interviews, and oral history were used to study the development and conflict of the city. The results show that Abadan has been both an experience of socio-cultural development as well as an experience of conflict, duality, domination, hierarchy, and class relations. In the periods of 1912 to 1932, 1932 to 1952, and the early of 1952s to 1979, the process of development and conflict has changed, but the main trend has been to increase development and decrease conflict. Especially in the 1962s and 1972s, the idea of a developed Abadan that emerged during the nationalization of the oil industry sustained the development rather than conflict, but in general, both of these narratives have been formed together and under the influence of the oil industry.

The aim of this article is survey tendency to globalization on mental health. Theoretical basis of this article is the Giddens structure theory and risky society Ulrich Beck.The population in this article are 16409 students studying in theShahid Chamran University that was selected 377 person with the method stratified sampling proportional with size (gender, college and education) and according to table Krejcie and Morgan and to ensure that number rose to 400. In order to collect data is standardized questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using the software SPSS and was used from Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. Research findings argues that seen the significant positive correlation between social and economic trend of globalization with students' mental health and there is a significant inverse relationship between political and cultural trend of globalization with students'mental health. According to the regression equation only two variables social and cultural trend of globalization explained 0.111 of mental health variance. In a survey of demographic variables with students' mental was found that there is a significant positive correlation among income and socio-economic base with mental health. Also found that there is a significant difference average mental health in between men and women and workers and the unemployed but does not show a significant difference between singles and married.

"The right to the city", the notion that Lefebvre introduced, has known as birth of a global social movement which seeks to reveal the legitimacy of all residents to city, beyond the class, racial and gender differences in fair access to the city. Sidewalks (Pedestrians), regardless of the role of the passageway, are recognized as one of the most important areas of social life, so that there is an undeniable necessity to facilitate equal access to all citizens in the context of this intellectual framework. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify obstacles to the right of women to these spaces and the quality of their presence in such spaces. The research method was descriptive-analytic and survey. Based on random sampling, 320 women in the study area formed the sample size. The results indicate that fear of violence and crime plays the main role in preventing the women's right to presence in the city's walkways and turns these spaces into a gendered environment, so that participating women restricts own voluntary activities in these spaces especially the activities that needs to halting and pausing in space.

Internal migration is an important process in most countries and reflects people's reaction to factors such as regional economic inequality, social failure and dissatisfaction in many aspects of life. Khuzestan province has undergone major changes in terms of population displacement in the Period 1996-2016 compared to other provinces, with the highest percentage of expatriates after Tehran. This article aims to identify the individual factors affecting the probability of migration from Khuzestan province to other parts of the country. The research method used in this study is secondary analysis of raw data of two percent population census of Khuzestan province, 2016. Findings showed that age, sex, marital status, literacy status, and degree of education influence the probability of migration. Women, spouses, literates, and those with a higher educational background make up the largest number of immigrants. Most of them were young immigrants. Among the out migrations, Isfahan and Tehran had the highest number of immigrants from Khuzestan.

The purpose was to describe the ways of using promoting happiness interactions and its types. This research has used purposeful-typical, simple random sampling appropriate to the volume of each urban area and spatial and regional sampling in step, qualitative (collective case study), quantitative step (descriptive survey) and point interpolation method (spatial analysis). The findings were based on thematic analysis, statistical description, and spatial analysis and clustering; Semi-in-depth interview, researcher-made questionnaire and drawing of urban maps were used. The field of research was 13 urban areas of Mashhad in 2019. The unit of observation of individuals has been in the household procedure and at the level of spatial analysis of urban blocks. The alpha of the research is equal to (0.80). Based on qualitative findings, promoting happiness interactions are defined at both ends of to make happy (hot and cold type) and recipient of happiness. The most important categories of qualitative practice based on the typology achieved are the representation of behavioral and expressive situations, the deconstruction of expressive and behavioral positions, social influence, altruism, other-seeking, empathetic introspection, Quantitative results and spatial analysis show that the hot type focused on excitement was much lower than average and the cold type focused on good sense was above average. Finally, promoting happiness according to the clustering test between regions (1, 2, 4, 5) is below average and the citizens of regions (3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and Samen) the upper average is obtained.

Social capital has positive and negative consequences as social relations, trust and norms. The quantity and quality of relationships in a society play a central role in the type and consequence of social capital. The social capital in Iran more intra-group. Does such social capital play a role in reproducing social inequality? The research method was qualitative and data gathering was done through in-depth interviews with 12 people in the second half of 2017 in Sanandaj. The analysis of the findings has resulted in the extraction of a paradigm model with three main categories: social relations context, intergroup capital (core category) and social inequality. The results showed that many relatives, traditional family relationships and the rituals associated with it were causal conditions that led to intra-group social capital. Using Strategies such as ethnocentrism, nepotism and relationships rather than rules by actors with the underlying economic, political and cultural society and confounding factors such as bureaucracy and lack of supervision led to consequences such as favoritism, nepotism and variation in the distribution of resources All of which points to the reproduction of social inequality in society. It is therefore necessary to consider intra- group social capital in the analysis of social inequality as well as in the distribution of public resources.

Virtual leisure is one of the new type of leisure in today society that has significant impact on intergenerational relationships. Virtual social networks with quick and easy access, overlap in time and space and provide special conditions for leisure. The main purpose of the article is to study the relationship between duration of use of virtual social network as virtual leisure and audience of these networks and its effect on intergenerational relationships; with consideration of zimel and mead theories. Survey method were applied with 1200 people as sample at national level. Results indicates there is a relationship between generational period and leisure in virtual social networks, there is also a reverse relationship duration of use of the virtual social networks and interaction between generations. With increase the time duration uses of these leisure, reduction occurs in intergenerational communication in the family. Different generational groups communicate in virtual social networks. There is no relationship between intergenerational communication and audience in the virtual social networks, and communication with family and relatives, did not result strengthening generational interaction. Increased membership in social networks has caused change the leisure pattern towards an active in cyberspace; such condition has the considerable effect on intergenerational relationships and changes in lifestyle. Also, spending virtual collective leisure time, even if with the family, does not lead to the strengthening of generational relationships.