مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 63 (تابستان 1400)

Spatial Mismatch theory is one of the theories that examine poverty and inequality in the social-Spatial structure of cities. The aim of the present study was to "conceptually explain the grounds for Spatial Mismatch of work and residence", especially in the cities of developing countries and Iran. This research is theoretical-applied in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In addition, discourse analysis has been used to explain the fields of formation and the lack of Spatial Mismatch. According to the findings of the present study, Spatial Mismatches in the Great Fields (global and Inclusive changes such as the expansion of Ford-Keynesian and neoliberal , Post Fordism) and its most objective layer (the inequality between access to Appropriate work and access to housing in urban structure and space), are similar.However, geographically, the focus of Spatial Mismatch in developing countries, in contrast to the US, is mostly on the suburb of cities.While Spatial Mismatch in the United States is influenced by unequal racial-ethnic contexts, development of transportation technology, suburbanization, industrialization, and the establishment of industries and factories, in developing countries it is mainly due to its "unequal structure of international economic relations," "implementation." External development strategies include "unequal socio-spatial construction", "getting caught up in the traps of development traps" (political instability, selling natural resources, spreading the consequences of neighborly instability, inefficient governance), and “traps of poverty and corruption" and “unstable pattern of urban development".

The need for management of the coastal of the Oman Sea and the Makran as a vast stretch of the Iranian territory with great development potentials in various areas. One of the most important areas for progress in this region is the enhancement of the tourism industry. One of the effective and potential capabilities that can be utilized for enhancing tourism is the geodiversity and the geomorphodiversity in the region. These diversities have been emphasized as the main bases for tourism in the region and steps have been taken to analyze and evaluate them. The study area, extends from the shorelines of Jask Bay to those of the Gwadar Bay and its land area stretches for approximately 120 kilometers from the coastline to the conical fold in the Makran zone. This research used quantitative, statistical and remote sensing methods to study the roles of active geological and tectonic factors, climate and proximity to the sea as the main parameters in the formation and expansion of geomorphological relief. It also evaluated the capability of each one, based on priorities, in the development of tourism in the area covered by the main drainage basins. The results show that geomorphodiversity with PRD of 0.0009, SHDI of 3.3529, SHEI of 0.9329, SIDI of 0.9578, and SIEI of 0.9774, is more importance and valuable than the geodiversity. Therefore, it is essential that the responsible authorities build the infrastructures required for the development of the Geomorpho-tourism industry in order to develop the coastal in southeastern Iran.

Nowadays, cities are places for the economic development of societies, and as cities have human existence, they are one of the challenges of the fight against poverty to provide the proper infrastructure for economic growth and promotion. Focusing on enhancing multidimensional welfare indicators can minimize issues such as economic and social inequalities in the city. The aim of this study is spatial analysis of socio-economic inequalities of Zahedan based on multidimensional welfare indicators. In this study, multidimensional welfare indicators were measured in 55 dimensions in two dimensions of material welfare. In order to spatial analysis of multidimensional welfare indicators after normalization, welfare differences in urban neighborhoods were calculated and the results were prepared in the form of difference coefficient maps. Finally, the relation between the level of welfare and the coefficient of difference was evaluated using Pearson's statistical test. The results showed that the neighborhoods with the more welfare are located in district one and five in southwest of Zahedan and the north and south suburbs of Zahedan are in more undesirable condition than other urban areas. The results of correlation test between multidimensional welfare level and welfare difference coefficient also show that at alpha level of 0.1 there is only significant relationship between non-material welfare and housing components, access to services, infrastructures and facilities and knowledge with their difference coefficient. However, at Alpha level of 2 there is a significant relationship between material and immaterial welfare and housing components, access to services, health and knowledge with their difference coefficient.

In addition to yield, drought also affects water quality. Therefore, for long-term agricultural planning, the climatic situation of the regions must be determined. Therefore, in the present study, while evaluating the effects of drought on the quality of surface water salinity, the effects of drought and water salinity on the rent of agricultural lands were examined. For this purpose, by using SPI index, drought classes in the region were determined and by using QUAL2K model, water salinity was simulated in Taleghan river. Then, using Ricardian's approach, the effect of climatic, salinity and economic variables and their interactions on agricultural land rent were evaluated. The results of the QUAL2K model show that the drought has a direct and non-linear relationship with surface water quality, so that with decreasing river flow during moderate, severe and very severe drought classes, salinity decreases by 20.5, 41.3 and 57.8%, respectively. Based on the results of the Ricardin model, agricultural land rent is inversely related to water salinity and temperature, and is directly related to rainfall. The results of changes in the rent of agricultural land also showed that during the middle, severe and very severe drought classes, land rent decreased by 17.7, 32 and 42.4 percent, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that farmers' compensation be determined on the basis of the amount of "lost rent", as it provides an accurate estimate of the actual amount of drought damage.

Today, the rural economy with its various dimensions is facing many risks and hazard. Therefore, the promotion of the resilience and capacity building of the vulnerable community as an important and fundamental priority has been the responsibility of many development organizations. The general purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between sustainable agriculture and livelihood resilience of rural households in Khotbe’Sara district in Talesh county. This study is applied research and method of research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical society is the rural areas of Khotbe’sara district. The sample size by considering the population and natural location of the rural (mountainous, plain, hillside) and using the Cochran were obtained 328 households. The method of data collection is library and survey. Also, to analyze the collected data were used from descriptive and inferential statistical methods (regression, Pearson correlation and one-sample t-test). The findings show that there is a significant relationship between sustainable agriculture and livelihood resilience of the studied rural households; thus, the highest impact with 75.1% is related to the social solidarity and networks indicator. Then, the indicators of social participation (64.5%), environmental conditions (62.2%), Cultivation pattern and employment (59.5%), agricultural machinery (54.1%) and institutional support and incentives (50.6%) have had the greatest impact on the subsistence resilience of studied rural households. In addition, the results of Pearson correlation indicate a statistically significant relationship between sustainable agriculture and food security in the study area.

Slope instabilities are one of the major natural hazards in mountainous areas that cause significant damage to human activities each year. The purpose of this study was to compare the artificial neural network model with the logistic regression model to evaluate the risk of mass movements and amplitude instability and to identify the effective factors in this phenomenon in Ojan Chay basin. The purpose of the results of the statistical models is to determine the regions with potential of occurrence of instability and finally to prepare a hazard zoning map for the study area. And then the layers are prepared. Distribution map of slope instabilities that occurred in the basin was prepared and integrated with the map of factors affecting the movements and slope distribution map of the slope. Distance from fault, land use, distance from village and road, distance from drainage network were calculated in ArcGIS software environment. ROC, Pseudo R square and Chi Square coefficients were used to evaluate the outputs of the models used. The results showed that the percentages of high risk zones in neural network model and logistic regression were 10.32% and 5.06%, respectively, which mainly include the lithologically restricted zones of these areas. . Also the neural network model with ROC value is 0.89 more efficient than logistic regression for zoning the occurrence of domain instabilities; based on zoning using neural network model, respectively, 40.32, 22.15, 18.32, 8.89,10.32 of the area is classified as very low, low, medium, high and very high risk classes

Border communities are currently under pressure from global change. This pressure is both inland and out of land, The border regions of Iran are part of the national territorial arena which, due to their geographical location, have distinct conditions in terms of development indicators. These areas, although in a sustainable systemic attitude, should complement inland failures, but because of the conflicts and disruption they pose a growing threat to the security and integrity of the land. Accordingly, the issue of this study is how the spatial structure of residence and activity in frontier and inland areas is based on development indicators and what pattern does it follow? Based on the research problem, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the description section, relying on statistical sources, it describes a few quantities, and then in the analysis section, it mainly classifies secondary analysis using the status quo matrix using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Key development indicators and indicators are also defined for each zone. The results show that the study areas have many descriptive differences in indices and indicators. The pattern of development in Iran starts from the Caspian coastal border region as a center of development. It then heads northwest and northeast. Then through the central part of Iran, it connects to the center of development of the southern border of the country. Underdeveloped centers are also located on both sides of central Iran. The eastern, western and southeastern border regions of Iran have not been developed.

urban destinations can achieve a sustainable competitive advantage by increasing the number of new tourist visits. Research has shown that in the long run, attracting re-visits costs less than visiting a destination for the first time. Therefore, the sustainable growth of the tourism sector relies more on tourists who repeat their visits. Such a factor has added to the importance of the concepts affecting the re-visit of urban tourism destinations. In this research, an attempt has been made to evaluate and analyze the effect of perceived originality, destination image and memorable experience on the intention of tourists to visit Ardabil again. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and the statistical population of this study is incoming tourists to Ardabil in 1398. The required sample size was considered using the Cochran's formula and 384 people. The questionnaire used in the research has been made by a researcher whose indicators have been obtained and localized from related studies and backgrounds. Validity and reliability of the research model and data analysis were performed using structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis in SMART PLS software. Findings showed that the perceived authenticity of tourist attractions has a positive and significant effect on the image of destinations and memorable experience. The destination image also has a positive and significant effect on the memorable experience. Finally, the findings showed that a memorable experience has a positive and significant effect on the intention to visit again.

The present study tries to investigate to move towards sustainable development what conditions the study population should have in the field of tourism entrepreneurship. The research is descriptive and surveys in terms of nature and method and practical in terms of purpose. data collection is used documentary sources and survey method and based on the distribution of questionnaires among 254 head of households living. The number of samples was selected using Sample power software in a random stratified manner following the principle of proportional division. QCA method was used. The singular analysis showed that the index of "growth and development" and "environmental adaptation" with seven repetitions in different cases have the most support for the result. In the composite analysis, five causal combinations were obtained with acceptable theoretical adequacy. The combination of "socio-cultural adaptation" and "growth and development" conditions with a coverage coefficient of 0.794 and a Consistency coefficient of 0.917, respectively, has the highest impact on sustainable rural development. Then, the combination of "growth and development" and "creativity and innovation" with a coverage coefficient of 0.783 and a Consistency coefficient of 0.895. The combination of "environmental compatibility" and "growth and development" with a coverage coefficient of 0.78 and a Consistency coefficient of 0.888, is the third effective combination. Therefore, to measure the impact of tourism entrepreneurship on sustainable rural development, it is necessary to examine the extent of socio-cultural adaptation, environmental adaptation, innovation, and its growth and development effects in the life of the host community.

in the current applied research, we tried by using a descriptive-analytical method with a comprehensive approach in two parts: quantitative-qualitative, with descriptive-analytic data, using semi-structured interviews and descriptive documents, and distribution of questionnaires among 50 experts in the field of development and security of Marivan city by means of using snowball method and 300 villagers, which determined by using Cochrane methodology, identifying the factors of city security instability and in the next step, solutions are identified to solve the identified problems and move the city in the path of security sustainability. It should be noted that the questionnaires were distributed among the villages and households in selected villages, which were selected by lottery method in each rural district. The analysis of data in the qualitative section by using the fundamental theory technique and in the quantitative part by using inferential tests (single-sample t-test and chi-square) and interpolation methods in the Arc GIS environment indicted that components of lack of performance in the mass media, lack of law enforcement performance, social-cultural deficiencies, economic failures, weaknesses in the laws and functioning of institutions, weaknesses in the field of environment -also, weakness in the status of services, facilities and problems in the external area are the most important insecurity factors in the rural areas. Also, the spatial zonation of the security instability situation indicates that there is a spatial difference such as near-border villages in the low security insecurity, central villages with moderate instability and eastern villages with high security instability.

In this research, the desertification process is evaluated using 3 climate indicators and 4 groundwater indices in the form of a modal model in a period of 20 years (2008-2017) in the west of Golestan province with the aim of providing a desertification warning system.Then, by determining the threshold limits for the influential indicators in the desertification process of the region, the desertification early warning system was presented based on four indicators. The results of the index change the trend showed that drought indices, total soluble materials, electrical conductivity, and groundwater depth had the greatest impact on desertification in the region, respectively. Desertification warning maps have shown an increase in drought indicators, total solubility, and electrical conductivity from west to east. Also, the groundwater depth index in the central areas has the highest warning range. According to the results obtained from monitoring desertification indicators, the electrical conductivity index during the years 1999, 2001, 2004 to 2006 and 2009, the Total dissolved solids index in the years 1998, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2006 and 2007, Groundwater depth index of 2001, 2002, 2006, 2008 and 2014, Finally, the drought index is in the warning range during the years 1999 to 2003, 2006 to 2008, 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016. Irrigated lands, drylands and wetlands in the East region affected by desertification warning have been that on this basis is suggested for better management of the land, the threshold defined in this study as the basis for the work to be placed.

In this study, using radiosonde data of temperature and altitude relationship networks during 2005 to 2018 statistical period, annual, seasonal, monthly and hourly averages were obtained. Based on the regression equations between temperature changes and altitude the environmental temperature drop rate was calculated and the solidification level height was calculated. The results show that ELR rate is strongly correlated with ground surface temperature in hot and cold seasons, so that ELR increases during warm seasons and decreases in cold seasons.The ELA survey of the Dena Heights shows that this level is at an average altitude of 5241 meters, while the highest elevation is at the Dena Mountain Range of 4450 meters, as a result, in terms of climatic conditions, it is not possible to create permanent and active glaciers in this mountain range. The percentage of snow cover above the FLH level is about 2 times that of the downstream levels, but this difference can be increased up to 3 times in the cold season. According to the hypsometric profiles of Dena elevations, two elevations of T1 and T2 at 2400 and 3400 m were determined based on curve slope changes, respectively. The crossing and oscillation of the environmental components from these topographic thresholds can lead to exponential responses of the Dena altitude toughness System to the accumulation and density of ice and snow, as well as its hydraulic power and distribution throughout the year and in warm and cold phases.