نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 50 (تابستان 1400)

Consumption of appropriate amounts of nitrogen and sulfur together due to increased solubility of nutrients and nitrogen uptake increase wheat yield. Accordingly, a potted experiment was conducted using factorial method in a completely randomized design with four levels of urea fertilizer 0, 60, 120 and 180 kilogram per hectare of pure nitrogen with four levels of bentonite sulfur 0, 200, 400 and 600 kilogram per hectare on wheat of Sirvan cultivar and a field experiment with the same treatments in the form of a statistical design of randomized complete blocks using split plots with three replications in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah in 2016-2017 cropping year. In the pot experiment, the effects of interaction between nitrogen and sulfur as well as the effect of sulfur on the investigated traits in the roots were not significant. Conversely, the effect of nitrogen on most traits including total length, dry weight, density and root area was significant at 5 percent probability level. The highest values ​​of these traits in pots were 5554 centimeters, 6.24 gram, 0.44 centimeters per qubic centimeters of soil and 1676 square centimeters with 120 kilogram per hectare of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. The results of field experiments did not show the effect of interaction between treatments on yield traits, yield components and pigments, but the simple effect of nitrogen and sulfur on most yield traits and yield components was significant. Nitrogen consumption increased biomass yield, grain yield, number of grains per square meter and number of spikes. With 60 kilogram per hectare nitrogen application compared to the control increased by 30.6, 31.9, 19.8 and 20.0 percent, respectively, but there was no significant difference between nitrogen levels of 60, 120 and 180 kilograms per hectare. With the consumption of 200 kilograms per hectare of sulfur, grain yield increased by 8.8 percent. In general, the results showed that the yield of wheat of Sirvan irrigated cultivar with 60 of kilograms per hectare nitrogen and 200 kilograms per hectare of sulfur had the highest agricultural and economic yields.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus on the growth and yield of autumn and spring chickpeas under water tention in Ilam, a split-split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experiment had three factors: planting season, fertilizer and supplementary irrigation. Planting season in two levels of autumn and spring as the main plot, supplementary irrigation including 3 levels (control or rainfed, once irrigation in flowering stage, twice irrigation in flowering stage) in sub-plots and fertilizer factor including 4 levels ( Control, mycorrhiza, chemical fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus) and mycorrhiza with chemical fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus) were in the sub-sub-plots. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant effect of the main factor of planting season on grain yield, so that grain yield in autumn planting of chickpeas was 32 percent higher than spring sowing. According to the results obtained in terms of grain yield, sowing in autumn is a suitable condition for chickpea plant.The highest grain yield in the treatment of chemical fertilizer + mycorrhiza with twice irrigation was obtained at 2495 kilograms per hectare. Combined use of chemical fertilizers and mycorrhiza fertilizer significantly increased the chlorophyll content of whole leaves compared to the control by 56.5 percent. Overall, the results showed that cultivation of chickpeas with the use of a combination of chemical fertilizers along with mycorrhiza biofertilizer and supplementary irrigation in two stages has the ability to improve the yield and functional components of chickpeas in the experimental conditions and can be recommended as a management option in chickpeas cultivations in the region.

One of the solutions to provide part of the forage required by livestock is the dual-purpose use of cereals including hull- less barley genotypes and the reaction of known cultivars in different crops dates. The present experiment in the form of a randomized complete blocks statistical design was performed as a split factorial with three replications in the cropping year of 2018-2019 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Three planting dates November 11, December 11 and 20 January in the main plots and random combinations of hull- less barley genotypes EH-85-9, EH-87-4, EH-86-12 and Loot and normal barley cultivars ( Zahak cultivar) and two forage harvesting behaviors in stage 31 zadox and non-forage harvesting were compared in subplots. The results showed that with delay in planting, total dry matter yield (14 percent), protein yield (14 percent), leaf area index (38 percent),) and photosynthesis rate (21 percent) decreased. The highest forage yield (15976 kilogram per hectare), protein yield (726 15976 kilogram per hectare) and the lowest percentage of fiber (31 percent) belonged to EH-86-12 genotype. The highest rate of photosynthesis (25 micromolar per square meter per second) and the lowest rate of transpiration rate (2.8 percent) belonged to Loot cultivar. The highest grain yield (5400 kilogram per hectare ) and forage yield (13016 kilogram per hectare) belonged to the planting date of November 11 and EH-86-12 genotype due to higher forage yield and better stability (2 percent reduction) in heat conditions due to delay in planting date and also the possibility of harvesting forage in the vegetative stage with minimal negative impact on grain yield, as a suitable genotype for forage and grain production in Ahvaz and similar areas can be a priority in cultivation, development and more research activities.

In order to investigate the effect of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza values on yield and remobilization rate of maize under water shortage tension, the present experiment was conducted in the form of split split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during the crop years 2016- 2017 and 2017-2018 at the research farm of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. The main factor included water shortage tension including control (irrigation in all stages), lack of irrigation in 10-leaf stage (vegetative growth), lack of irrigation in pollination stage (flowering) and lack of irrigation in seed stage (milk paste) and superabsorbent polymer sub-plot included control or non-application of superabsorbent, application of 100 kilogram per hectare and application of 200 kilogram per hectare and mycorrhiza sub-sub-plot included control or (non-application) and application of mycorrhiza. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent tension interaction on grain yield, one thousand-grain weight, number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, remobilization rate and remobilization share was significant. The highest grain yield (6674/29 kilogram per hectare) was related to irrigation treatment in all growth stages and application of 200 kilogram per hectare superabsorbent. Although with cessation of irrigation in 10-leaf stages, pollination and seeding reduced grain yield by 11, 14 and 12.5 percent, respectively, but this reduction was not significant in these treatments because the consumption of 200 kilogram per hectare in superabsorbent was able to compensate for the water deficit tension in these treatments. The interaction of water shortage and mycorrhiza tension on grain yield, number of grains per ear and number of grains per row was also significant. In general, due to the long-term stability of superabsorbent in soil, it can be said that the application of 200 kilogram per hectare of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza in irrigation conditions at all stages of growth can increase grain yield, corn yield components and overall production improvement.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental tensions and causes a significant reduction in yield in plants. In order to investigate the effect of priming with chitosan and potassium nitrate nanoparticles and salinity tension on the biochemical compounds of quinoa (Giza cultivar 1) in Hoagland growth medium, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Shahed University of Tehran. Priming treatment at two levels including treatment A (solution containing 0/01 percent by weight- volume of chitosan nanoparticles plus 0/5 percent by weight- volume of potassium nitrate) and treatment B (solution containing 0/02 percent by weight- volume of chitosan nanoparticles plus 0/2 percent by weight-volume of potassium nitrate) and salinity tension factor at five levels (Hoagland solution salinity was 2 desi Siemens per meter as control, 8, 12, 16 and 20 desi Siemens per meter). The results showed that the effect of salinity on all studied traits except seedling dry matter and potassium content was significant. Also, the effect of priming treatment on all studied traits except potassium content was positive and significant. Treatment (A) increased seedling dry matter compared to the other treatment by 26/7 percent. Application of treatment (A) compared to treatment (B) at salinity of 20 desi Siemens per meter increased proline (11.8 percent), soluble sugar (20.6 percent) and catalase enzyme content (30.4 percent) and decreased sodium (34.2 percent) and a decrease in the ratio of sodium to potassium (27.8 percent). In general, it can be stated that the use of a solution containing 0.01 percent by weight -volume of chitosan nanoparticles plus 0.5 percent by weight- volume of potassium nitrate in quinoa seed priming can improve the biochemical content of quinoa seedlings under salinity tension conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation management and cultivar on yield and yield components of soybeans, an experiment wad conducted in the form of split plots in a statistical randomized complete blocks design with four replications in the experimental farm of Islamic Azad University of Chalous in two cropping years (2017 and 2018). Four irrigation treatments included: irrigation with 7-day cycle (I1), irrigation with 14-day cycle (I2), irrigation with 21-day cycle (I3) and rainfed cultivation (I0) as the main factor, and four cultivar treatments including: Arian (V1), Caspian (V2), Nekador (V3) and Sari (V4) were considered as sub-factors. According to the results of comparing the average of the measured traits in different treatments during two years of experiment with increasing irrigation cycle and decreasing the number of irrigations and decreasing the water entering the field, plant traits height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, one-thousands seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index decreased. In terms of crop yield, irrigation treatment with 7-day cycle with 3050 kilogram per hectare had the highest rate. In the investigation of different cultivars, Nekador cultivar with 3265 kilogram per hectare had the highest and Sari, Caspian and Arian treatments with 2827, 2400 and 744 kilogram per hectare were in the next categories. Comparison of mean traits in the interaction effects of irrigation and cultivar showed that treatment I1 (irrigation with 7-day cycle) and Nekador cultivar equal to 3356 kilogram per hectare had the highest amount and rainfed cultivation treatment (I0) and Arian cultivar with the lowest yield equal to 592 kilogram per hectare dedicated to himself.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and micronutrients on photosynthetic activities and grain yield of rapeseed under low water tension conditions, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a statistical randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Agricultural University of Lorestan in the cropping year of 2016-2017. Irrigation at two levels of 20 and 70 percent of field capacity depletion in the main plots and the composition of micronutrients (B1 non-consumption and B2 foliar application at a ratio of 2 per thousand) and salicylic acid factor (concentrations of zero, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 milimolar) were studied in subplots. The results showed that the triple interaction on leaf area index, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and grain yield were significant. The highest grain yield of 4424 kilogram per hectare was obtained under non-tension  and foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer with a concentration of 1.5 milimolar salicylic acid. Water deficit tension affected plant leaf area index and plant gas exchange and by reducing physiological traits such as photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, mesophilic conductance, transpiration rate and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under the stomatal chamber finally reduced grain yield in canola; however, foliar application of salicylic acid and micronutrients, while significantly reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide under the stomatal chamber, significantly increased leaf area index, mesophilic conductance, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthesis rate. Transpiration rate and photosynthesis rate to some extent reduced the negative effects of drought tension on physiological traits of rapeseed and increased grain yield by 37.79 percent. Therefore, Ferti ‌ triple mix micronutrient (iron + zinc + manganese) with a concentration of 2 per thousand along with a concentration of one and a half millimoles of salicylic acid is recommended to reduce the adverse effects of water deficit tension and achieve proper performance.

Drought Tension and nitrogen fertilizer are among the most important issues that researchers usually consider investigating the physiological yield and yield of new crops. The present research was conducted in the form of a statistical design of randomized complete blocks in the form of split plots with three irrigation levels in the main plots, including no drought tension or 60 percnt evaporation from Class A evaporation pan, medium tension or 90 percent evaporation from Class A evaporation pan and severe tension or 120 percent evaporation from Class A evaporation pan and six levels of nitrogen fertilizer including non-use of nitrogen fertilizer and values of 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 kilogram of nitrogen from urea source in subplot with three repetitions in Dare Shahr in 2019. The results of comparing the mean interaction of drought tension and nitrogen fertilizer treatments in grain nitrogen showed that in the absence of drought tension and application of 150 kilogram per hectare nitrogen fertilizer, the highest grain nitrogen was 3.53 percent and the lowest in severe drought tension and lack of nitrogen fertilizer application was 1.423 percent. Also, in all three levels of tension, the lowest and highest grain nitrogen was observed in non-consumption (control) and 150 kilogram nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. Comparison of the mean interaction of drought tension and nitrogen fertilizer treatments in grain yield showed that in the absence of drought tension and application of 150 kilogram per hectare nitrogen fertilizer, the highest grain yield was 2519.3 kilogram per hectare and the lowest was in severe drought tension and non-application of nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 941.3 kilogram per hectare was obtained. Also, in all three levels of tension, the lowest and highest grain yield was observed in the non-consumption treatment (control) and 150 kilogram per hectare of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. Due to the improvement of quinoa yield components by increasing the amount of nitrogen consumption and obtaining more grain yield, especially in water availability conditions, the results indicate high quinoa fertilizer.

In order to investigate the response of leaf gas exchanges and grain yield of SC 704 maize to salicylic acid foliar application under water deficit stress, a split plot experiment carried out based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Dezful region during the summer of 2013. Treatments included water deficit stress (irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in main plots and foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mM in the 6 -8 leaf stage of the plant) were in subplots . The results showed that foliar application of salicylic acid in water deficit stress treatments increased stomatal conductance (53%), transpiration intensity (19%), relative water content (26%), photosynthesis rate (24%), grain yield (35%) and biological yield (27%) and reduced the intercellular C O 2 concentration (14%). In general, consumption of salicylic acid in both favorable conditions and water stress improved physiological traits and yield. In the meantime, foliar application of 0.75 mM salicylic acid in irrigation conditions after 60 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan with greater water uptake , along with stomatal conductance and higher photosynthetic rate, the relative water content was higher and in this way among other treatments, it had the highest grain yield (7815 kg.ha - 1 ) and biological yield (17867 kg.ha - 1 ) which showed 24.5% and 21.2% superiority compared to the control, respectively.